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Matenda osiyanasiyana a mphesa ndi mayendedwe

Mphesa unaphatikizapo umunthu pa magawo onse a chitukuko chake chadziko, kukopa mphamvu kuchokera padziko lapansi ndi dzuwa.

Ndipo pokhapokha pa matenda ankafunikira chithandizo cha anthu.

Thandizani mpesa, podziwa nthendayi ndi kuopsa kwake - kupitilira mu ndondomeko ya ndondomeko, kuyeza ndi zithunzi za masamba omwe agwidwa ndi zipatso za mphesa.

Matenda a mphesa akhoza kupatulidwa m'magulu akulu awiri: opatsirana komanso osapatsirana. Aliyense wa iwo, kuphatikizapo, amaphatikizapo magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pansipa tifufuze mwachidule machitidwe ndi zizindikiro za matenda a mphesa.

Ndi matenda ati a mphesa omwe alipo?

Matenda

  • Fungal matenda a mphesa.
    1. Mildew (downy mildew).
    2. Oidium (pepelitsa, mealy dew).
    3. Alternaria (malo a azitona).
    4. Anthracnose (maso, mbalame diso).
    5. Grey (botrino).
    6. Aspergillosis kuvunda.
    7. Vuto loyera (woyera-pakamwa, "matalala").
    8. Zovunda zakuda (mkamwa wakuda).
    9. Pinki yobiriwira yovunda.
    10. Rubella.
    11. Verticillosis (wilt).
    12. Apoplexy.
    13. Armillaria.
    14. Mizu yovunda.
    15. Diplodioz.
    16. Penicillosis.
    17. Fusarium
    18. Monilioz.
    19. Cercosporiosis
    20. Dothi lakuda (escoriosis, fomopsis, kuwuma kouma).
    21. Gelmintosporiosis
    22. Septoriosis (kusungunuka).
    23. Esca (matenda a thunthu).
    24. Eutipiasis (chiwalo chouma, kufa kwa manja).
  • Bakiteriya zotupa mphesa.
    1. Bakiteriya kuona.
    2. Zowola (acetic) zowola.
    3. Bakiteriya necrosis (matenda a bakiteriya, matenda a Oleiron)
    4. Bacteriosis wa zipatso.
    5. Matenda a Pierce.
    6. Khansa ya bakiteriya.
Thandizo: Sikuti matenda onse a mphesa amatha kuchiritsidwa: ena (kansa ya bakiteriya) ndi njira yokhayokhayo yotheka - raskorchyovka yotsatiridwa.
  • Matenda opatsirana a mphesa.
    1. Nsonga yochepa (matenda opatsirana).
    2. Chithunzi chachitsulo (chlorosis).
    3. Mitsempha yozungulira.
    4. Mafuta achizungu (panashyur, variegation)
    5. Mitsempha ya chlorosis.
    6. Golden yellowing.
    7. Chipinda cha bolo.
    8. Necrosis ya mphukira.
    9. Chotsitsiramo kachilombo ka HIV, kapena ma arabi.
    10. Chithunzi cha Asteroid (chooneka ngati nyenyezi).
    11. Virus furrowiness wa mphesa.
    12. Vuto lofiira.
    13. Masewera olimbana ndi mavairasi.
    14. Necrosis wa mitsempha.
    15. Masamba kupopera kachilombo (golide wachikasu).
Thandizo: Pa mndandanda "Matenda opatsirana a mphesa" malo oyambirira 4 okha ndi osankhidwa mwasayansi. Magulu otsalawo ali okhaokha, koma, malinga ndi zotsatira za zochitika, amaimiridwa mu mpesa mu mawonekedwe ochepa.

Osati opatsirana

Matenda omwe amakhumudwitsidwa ndi zikhalidwe zokula.

  1. Elementoses (matenda okhudzana ndi kusowa kwa zakudya):
    • chlorosis (kusowa chitsulo, nthaka, manganese kapena boron);
    • rubella (kusowa potaziyamu);
    • shrinkage ya chisa;
  2. Kutentha mphesa.
  3. Kufalitsa zipatso.
  4. Necrosis ya zitsulo.
  5. Kuphulika kwa ziphuphu.
  6. Apoplexy wa thunthu.
Thandizo: Kuchokera ku zochitika zomwe akatswiri akulima am'munda amapeza, zimangodziwika kuti mliriwu ndi odwala, mildew, oidium, anthracosis, chlorosis, rubella, bacterial carcinoma ndi osowa.

Chithunzi










Kodi kudziwa mtundu wa zotupa?

Chizindikiro choyamba chimaperekedwa mwa kuyang'anitsitsa pa gawo lirilonse la kukula, kutsika pang'ono kuchoka ku chizolowezi chooneka ngati chomera. Chenjezani alimi ayenera kudziwa komanso kuwona za kuoneka kwa matenda opatsirana kumadera oyandikana nawo. Kusanthula nyengo yozizira m'nyengo yachisanu imatha kuwonetsa mwayi wa katemera wodwalayo mumng'oma.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za mphesa zamasamba ndi masamba.

  1. Iwo akhoza kutembenukira chikasu ndi owuma. osati kokha chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chinyezi mu nthawi youma (mtundu wa edaphic wa kuphwanya), kuwonongeka kosakaniza kwa mpesa kapena msinkhu wake.

    Mbali imeneyi ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha elementosis, pamene mbewuyo ilibe nayitrogeni, chitsulo kapena mchere wina wofunikira m'nthaka.

    • Kusintha kwa mtundu wa tsamba la masamba kungakhalenso chizindikiro cha fungal kapena tizilombo ta tizilombo: matenda opatsirana a chlorosis, golide wonyezimira, woyera (variegated) ndi wachikasu (chlorosis) mosaic, fusarium, escoriosis, septoria, komanso matenda a mildew;
    • chikasu cha masamba aang'ono mumsanachi chimasonyeza kuti ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana;
    • Zosintha zomwe zili mu chlorophyll zimapezeka pamphepete mwa tsamba kapena pamphepete mwa mitsempha, yomwe nthawi zina imasonyeza kachilombo koyambitsa mitsempha kapena gawo loyamba la mildew;
    • kuyanika pamphepete mwa chiphaso - Pierce's disease;
    • tsamba lopangidwa m'munsi mwachitsamba limapezeka m'munda umene umadwala ndi mawonekedwe osatha a Eski (zovuta za fungi).
    2. Thandizo: Mbali ya mndandanda - matenda omwe amapezeka kokha m'madera ena a viticulture (Italy, Spain, Moldova, etc.). Mwachitsanzo: moniliosis, matenda a Pierce.

  2. Leaf reddening Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha phosphorous (phosphorous), kusintha kwa msinkhu kupita kozizira kwa mphesa zofiira kapena matenda a fungal ndi rubella;
    • ndi zovunda zoyera, masamba omwe ali pamwamba pa mawanga a bulauni pa mphukira amakhalanso ofiira;
    • Kufiira kofiira kwa tsamba (kupatulapo mitsempha yayikulu) kumawoneka pamene kachilombo ka tsamba la curl ndi tsamba lokulitsa kachilombo likuonongeka ndi kachilombo.
  3. Mapepala opukuta - chizindikiro cha Alternaria;
    • Zilonda za pineni za tsamba lamasamba - malo amdima;
    • zigawo zazikulu za dzimbiri pakati pa mitsempha - chiwonetsero cha fungal eski.
  4. Tsamba lofiira Monga chodabwitsa, imakhala ndi mavairasi - golide wachikasu, zithunzi zoyera, kaloti kapena fungal - oidium.
  5. Browning tsamba pamphepete mwa mbale, ndilo matenda a nkhungu, moniliozom, kapena kutentha - kusowa kwa potaziyamu m'nthaka;
    • malo amdima akunena za septoria;
    • Masamba a Brownish amapezeka ndi chalcosporosis, verticillosis ndi ... ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa.
  6. Leaf bulauni Chimodzimodzinso cha elementosis (ndi kusowa potaziyamu) ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndi oidium;
    • bulauni tsamba la bulauni - mwayi wodzaonedwa ndi necrosis.

  7. Kuwonekera kwa kukwera (mealy) pamunsi mwa tsamba limati mildew:
    • Chosavuta chochotsa chopanda chapamwamba pamwamba ndi pansi - oidium;
    • chidebe cha maolivi kumbuyo kwa tsamba - cerkosporioz.
  8. Mawanga pa masamba Zingakhale zotsatila za matenda oopsa kapena chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zochitika mu zakudya zamasamba:
    • mafuta owonetsera mawanga - chizindikiro cha downy mildew;
    • ngati mawanga amenewa amapanga chitsanzo - tikukamba za mfundo zochepa;
    • mabala a ruby ​​- chizindikiro cha rubella;
    • zofiira zofiira kapena zakuda zokhudzana ndi nthendayi - malo amdima otchulidwa;
    • Mawanga owopsa ndi malire akuda amapezeka ndi anthracosis;
    • mabala ofanana ndi timadontho ndi maonekedwe a septoria.
  9. Kusindikiza ndi kukula pa masamba (galls) amapangidwa ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa rubella, anthracosis, mildew.
  10. Wilting masamba chifukwa palibe chifukwa chomveka - zotsatira za kugonjetsedwa kwa mizu ya mphesa ndi matenda oopsa.
  11. Kuchepetsa mu kukula ndipo mapulaneti a masamba amatha kufalikira mu fusarium;
    • masamba osaya pamene eutypia;
    • Chizindikiro cha mitsempha ya masamba osinthidwa amachitika mu kuwonongeka kwachilombo koyambitsa matenda.
Phunzirani za matenda ena ndi tizirombo ta zomera zomwe mungakumane nazo m'munda: //selo.guru/ptitsa/bolezni-p/gribkovye/parsha.html, Kutentha, Bakiteriya Burn, Birch Sapwood, Apple moth, Lichen.

Zizindikiro za matendawa

Kawirikawiri chizindikiro chimodzi, chowonetsedwa makamaka pepala, sichikwanira kuti adziwe bwinobwino.

Choncho, ndizozoloŵera kuyerekeza 2-3 zizindikiro za matendawa kuti zitheke bwino pakusankhidwa.

  1. Kuwononga mipesa kuwonetseredwa pa mawonekedwe ake pamwamba pa mawanga osiyanasiyana:
    • mphukira yonse imakhala ndi mabala ofiira kapena amdima panthawi ya masamba asanu oyambirira, nthawi zina kuphatikiza, imayambira pambali ndi nkhani - izi ndi momwe mdima wakuda umaonekera pa nyengo yokula;
    • Mawanga a bulauni pachimake amatembenukira ku zilonda zakuya - kutulutsa thupi;
    • Mawanga obiriwira ndi imvi pa mphukira zazing'ono - ndizotheka mildew;
    • mawanga oyera mu impso, kutembenukira mu chipika choyera - powdery mildew;
    • siliva kapena bulauni mawanga - alternarioz.
  2. Mphesa imapeza chofiira chofiira chifukwa chophatikizidwa ndi mabala a bulauni ndi pinki pa mphukira pansi pa nthendayi.
  3. Akuwombera wouma mpaka chiwonongeko chotheratu cha chitsamba ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa eskoy;
    • kuyanika kwa mpesa pamodzi ndi nthambi za chigoba kumatha kuthetsa matenda a mildew;
    • pa mphukira zazing'ono zakuda zowola chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa nkhuni za necrosis zikuchitika;
    • Kupukuta kwa mphukira yomwe imayambitsa matenda a mzere wa nkhuni kumathandizanso kuumitsa ndi kufa kwa mbewu.
  4. Mtundu wa Brown mpesa nthawi zambiri umatha pambuyo pa chisanu, koma umakhala chizindikiro chowawa ndi ntchentche ya makungwa ndi mtundu wa putrefactive wa kagawo - pazifukwa izi, oidium kapena eutipiasis ikhoza kukhala;
    • Mawanga achidawa pa bast pambuyo pa wintering amapezeka ndi necrosis.
  5. Kukula kwapakati Amadziwika ndi kuipa komanso kusasintha kwa mphukira - izi ndi momwe mabakiteriya necrosis amadziwonetsera.

Pa gawo loyambirira la zamasamba, zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda pa mphesa zikhoza kuwonedwa kale:

    • Maluwa ambiri ndi mazira ambiri amatha kukhetsa mungu chifukwa cha maluwa kapena mvula, koma zizindikiro zomwezo zimayendera limodzi ndi matenda a Pierce;
    • inflorescences kufota pansi pa maluwa oyera - mawonetseredwe oyambirira a downy mildew;
    • Chigole chofiira pamwamba pa inflorescence chimasonyeza kuoneka kwa imvi zowola;

Kudikirira nthawi yopanga ovary ndi kucha kwa chipatsocho, mukhoza kupeza zizindikiro zina zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti:

  1. Zipatso, osakhala ndi nthawi yodzazidwa ndi madzi, owuma, amafalikira, amakhala ndi mtundu wa bluu - izi zimasonyeza kugonjetsedwa kwa mildew, cricosporia;
    • Ngati chomeracho chikudwala ndi causative wothandizira wakuda kapena woyera kuvunda - zipatso, makwinya, kutembenukira wakuda kapena kutembenukira bulauni ndi mummified;
    • Ngati masamba a zitsamba atayika, zipatso zimayambira;
    • mu nthawi yogwira ntchito ya anthracosis, mphesa sizikhala ndi nthawi yoti zipse: zipatsozo zimauma ndi kutha;
    • nthawi zina pamene kukhutira chitsamba, chifukwa cha kuyanika kwa zipatso ndi kupindika kwa chisa, chomwe chimasokoneza chakudya chopatsa thanzi.
  2. Wilting maburashi pa nthawi ya kusasitsa kumasonyeza kugonjetsedwa mildew kapena oidium;
    • Kuwotcha zipatso zamtundu uliwonse ndi kupeza maliseche odabwitsa ndi chizindikiro cha matenda a kachilombo ka chikasu;
    • Zinthu za Edaphi zingakhalenso chifukwa chowombera: kutentha kwa dzuwa, kusowa kwa madzi, kukhuta kwa chitsamba;
    • Zipatso zimatha kukhwima ngati kachilombo ka HIV kamakhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV.
  3. Maluwa otembenuka mphesa zokhudzidwa ndi imvi zowola, oidium, moniliasis;
    • maonekedwe a ntchentche za chipatso - ntchentche za zipatso zimazindikira asidi zowola;
    • Panthawi ya nyengo yozizira, aspergillosis zowola zimakula kwambiri, kutembenukira kumagulu kukhala misala yofiira.
  4. Mdima ukuphuka oidiamu amaperekedwa pa mphesa;
    • zowola zowonongeka zopangidwa ndi zipatso panthawi yosungirako ndipo ndi malo okhala ndi zoyera zoyera, mudulidwe la chipatso - pinki ya pinki ya sporulation;
    • Chipika cha azitona ndi chizindikiro cha chalcosporosis;
    • Mphukira yoyera yomwe imayika mabulosi onse ndi odwala matenda a mildew.
  5. Stains pa zipatso akhoza kukhala ofiira ndi elemental (kusowa kwachitsulo), imvi ndi mdima wakuda ndi anthracosis, mdima wandiweyani, pafupi ndi kugwirizana ndi tsinde - pamene ali ndi mildew;
    • dzimbiri limayaka pamene litenthedwa ndi kukonzekera mkuwa;
    • Mawanga ofiira pa mphesa amawoneka ndi zovunda zakuda;
    • bulauni wofiira ndi imvi yowoneka bwino pakhungu lakusasitsa ndi penitsiloze;
    • Bacteriosis ya zipatso imayamba ndi malo a beige omwe amamera mkati, ngati "kudya" mabulosi kuchokera mkati (mwala umodzi, kwa zipatso zina).
  6. Blackening zipatsoyophimbidwa ndi pycnidia (tubercles) imapezeka ku diplodioz.
  7. Ngati malo obiriwira Iwo amamveka kwambiri ndipo nthambi zimachokera mmenemo - ziwalo za crests zimadziwonetsera;
    • Tsamba la shrub brushing limapezeka pamene limakhudzidwa ndi mildy powdery mildew ndi matenda a Pierce.
Kulimbana ndi matenda ambiri a mitundu ya mphesa: Gourmet, Victoria, Bianca, Laura, Valentine, Cabernet, Timur, Rosmus, Attica, Platovsky, Pervozvanny, Memory Memory, Ruslan, Rosalinda, Kesha, New Century, Furor, Sponsor, Black Panther, Sphinx, Rusbol, Athos, Ruta, Tabor, Mfumu.

Kusintha kwakukulu pamkhalidwe wa chitsamba

Chokhutiritsa kwambiri chifukwa cha lingaliro la matenda a mpesa ndi kusintha kwakukulu pamkhalidwe wa chitsamba, morphology yake, kukula kwa mitengo ndi magawo a chitukuko.

  1. Chitsamba chimatha popanda zifukwa zapadera: Yang'anani chifukwa chake - nthaka imakhudzidwa ndi verticillus;
    • chifukwa cha ululu ndi verticillus, arillariasis, fusarium, imfa ya chomera, mwinamwake apoplexy; Chowonadi n'chakuti kumwa kwa mpesa kungakhale chifukwa cha chilala chokhalitsa, pamene mbewu yayamba ndipo silingathe kunyamula nyengo yotentha;
    • Chifukwa china chodzidzimutsa chikhoza kukhala mtundu wa eski, bakiteriya spotting, bakiteriya necrosis kapena fusarium.
  2. Kusintha mbali yambiri ya chitsamba:
    • chiwonongeko cha phallus phloem, pamene mafilimu a mycelium amapezeka pansi pa khungwa - katswiri wothandizira, womwe wabwera kuchokera ku mizu ya mbewu;
    • Zotsatira zofanana pa thunthu la mpesa wachitsamba mizu zimavunda;
    • kuwonongeka kwa mbali zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nkhuni ndi imfa ya nthambi zonse ndizochitika pamasomali;
    • mfundo ndi kugunda pa khungwa lakufa - kukhalapo kwa gelmintosporioza;
    • Nthrotization ya minofu ya mbali ya zomera ndi mapangidwe a kukula, mmalo mwa kudulira kale poyamba ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizirika cha eutipiasis;
    • maonekedwe a chotupa choyera kapena chofiira pa thupi la mpesa chimatanthauza kugonjetsedwa kwa chomera ndi khansa ya bakiteriya.
  3. Kusokoneza, kuchepa kwa zipatso, kuchotsa mosavuta chomera kuchokera pansi pamodzi ndi mizu yake ndi zizindikiro za zowola kapena khansa ya bakiteriya;
    • mawonetseredwe omwewo amatha kuwona pa tchire akulu akulu a zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, chifukwa chake chidzakhala fungal short-handedness.
  4. Kupeza malo kochepa monga kusintha kwa mawonekedwe oyenera mu mphukira zazing'ono kumatanthauzidwa ndi mizu yovunda, fusarium, eutipiosis, matenda a Pierce.
  5. Pasvy kukula kwa mphukira - chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za fusarium;
    • Kulima kwa mpesa kwa mpesa ndi chizindikiro cha kutaya kwapatsirana.

Chinthu chachikulu cha matenda osachiritsika a mphesa ndi malo awo: zizindikiro sizifalitsidwa kwa zomera zomwe zili pafupi.

Ndipo, ngakhale mu mawonetseredwe akunja akuwoneka mochititsa mantha ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, sizili zovuta kuthetsa:

    • chithandizo cha nthaka;
    • kuyambira kwa zolemba zake zosowa;
    • kuthandizira chomera nthawi yovuta nyengo yamvula (chilala, mvula yambiri);
    • Kuphimba zomera kuchokera kutentha (usiku, m'nyengo yozizira);
    • kudyetsa chomera chofooka ndi zinthu zakuthupi;
    • kusinthira chikhalidwe chonse cha ulimi kuti chikhale chabwinoko.

Chitsamba cholimba, chokonzedwa bwino chimakumana ndi matenda alionse. Ndipo ngati njira zowonongeka, mankhwala ndi mankhwala akuchitidwa m'munda, ndiye kuti mwayi wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi wochepa kwambiri.

Koma posakhalitsa anabzala zowonjezera, m'kati mwa njira yosankha, kukana fungal ndi mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo tinaikidwa, tikhale ndi chitsimikizo chathunthu. Kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira yodalirika yotetezera matenda opatsirana.

Penyani kanemayo ponena za kuteteza mphesa ku matenda m'chaka.

Nkhani Yosangalatsa