Zomera Zambewu - Imodzi mwa tirigu wakale kwambiri, chakudya ndi mbewu za chakudya, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri ngati chakudya cha pet. Posachedwapa, udzu uwu watchuka kwambiri pakati pa othandizira zakudya zabwino ndi zakudya zowonjezera, omwe amalimbikitsa kuti manyuchi aziphatikizidwa mu zakudya kwa iwo omwe amawona kulemera kwawo. Chowonadi n'chakuti tirigu ndi mbewu zina zimakhala ndi mapuloteni, a gluten, omwe angayambitse chifuwa, amachititsa kuti thupi lizizira, komanso limalimbikitsa kukula kwa mafuta m'matumba. Koma manyuchi ali ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zakudya zambiri, choncho chakudya chimakhala chiyambi cha zakudya zabwino padziko lonse lapansi ndipo chikukula pafupifupi m'mayiko onse okhala pakati.
Ikani mmbuyo
Okonzekera mabungwe akhoza kuyesedwa ndi zizindikiro zitatu. Makamaka ponena za nkhokwe zowonongeka m'nthaka - tirigu wachisanu; ndi zinyalala - oats ndi beetsndi ndi kuchuluka kwa zotsalira za mbewu - nyengo ya balere, nyengo yachisanu, chakudya cha beet. Choncho, otsogolera amalowa:
- tirigu wachisanu;
- nyengo ya barele ndi chimanga;
- beet chakudya;
- oats;
- mpendadzuwa
Mbewu - Komanso ndizovomerezeka kwa manyuchi, chifukwa zimasiya chinyezi ndi zakudya zomwe zimathandiza kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu zambewu. Kuperewera kwa chimanga pa nkhaniyi ndi kuchuluka kwa zotsalira za mbeu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kubzala nthaka musanafese ndikusamalira. Choncho, ngati chimanga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chongotengera, ndiye kuti nthawi ya m'dzinja nthawi yaying'ono iyenera kulipidwa kuti iwononge nthaka ndi kubzala zotsalira. Mpendadzuwa ukhoza kukhalanso wokonzedweratu, koma ukagwiritsira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuti uwonongeke mbewu za dontho.Pali njira zotsatirazi zosinthira mbeu za ma munda:
I.
- Mpweya wofiira;
- Zima tirigu;
- Zima tirigu;
- Mbewu (tirigu) + manyuchi pa ½;
- Mbewu ya silage;
- Zima tirigu;
- Pea;
- Zima tirigu;
- Mpendadzuwa
Ii.
- Nyemba zobiriwira;
- Zima tirigu;
- Mbewu (tirigu);
- Mbewu ya silage;
- Zima tirigu;
- Mafuta;
- Zomera zapakati;
- Nandolo (tirigu);
- Zima tirigu;
- Mpendadzuwa
Mukudziwa? Chiwembucho chikhoza kusintha malinga ndi momwe zinthu zimakhalira. Chinthu chokhacho chokhazikika: pambuyo pa manyuchi, zokhazokha zamasamba zimayenera kufesedwa.
Nthaka yamchere
Njira yamakono yopanga nyemba imapereka ntchito zingapo zokonzekera nthaka: chiwonongeko cha namsongole, kuyendetsa pamwamba ndi nthaka chinyezi. Mafuta ku nthaka si ovuta kwambiri, nthaka yolemetsa, yowala komanso ya saline. Chopambana kwambiri kwa manyuchi ndi malo otayirira, otentha, otentha komanso otentha. Mlimi asanayambe kufesa ayenera kukhala owononga nthaka kumayambiriro kwa masika ndi kulima limodzi kapena awiri.
Zomera feteleza
Mitengo - chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kwa feteleza, ngakhale kuti sichikhoza kupanga mabatire pa nthaka. Chomeracho chimayankha bwino kwa mchere ndi feteleza zopangidwa ndi feteleza ndipo chimayatsa iwo mochuma kwambiri.
Nkhumba imafunika kawiri, kapena katatu, nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu kusiyana ndi chimanga. Mavitrogeni ndi ofunika kuti chikhalidwe cha kukula kwakukulu ndikuwonjezere malo a hardwood pamwamba pake, kuti mupeze mbewu zabwino, muyenera kupanga mlingo wa nayitrogeni. Phosphorus ndi ofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa nyemba zambewu, ndalama zake ziyenera kukhala limodzi ndi theka kupitirira kawiri kuposa nayitrogeni, pafupifupi 90-100 makilogalamu / ha ulimi wothirira. Potaziyamu imathandiza kusonkhanitsa shuga m'mbewu zambewu.
Ndi zokolola zazing'ono (mpaka matani 5 pa ha 1), manyuchi amathira potaziyamu m'nthaka, motero amadzipangira okha mcherewo wokha. Ngati zokolola za manyuchi zimakhala pafupifupi matani 7-10 pa 1 ha, pali kusowa kwa potaziyamu, kotero muyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito pamodzi ndi feteleza ena mulimita 40-60 pa hekitala.
Ndibwino kukumbukira kuti feteleza zamchere, pamene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi phosphate feteleza, zimawononga mbewu kumera. Choncho, muyenera kupanga feteleza kumudzi ndikumafesa mbewu zambiri. Ngati feteleza ikugwiritsidwa ntchito motere, zokolola zidzakula ndi nthawi 3-3.5 kuposa pamene feteleza wathunthu akugwiritsidwa ntchito kulima. Nyama imakonda komanso feteleza, monga manyowa, pamtunda wa matani 10-20 pa hekitala. Ndibwino kuti mukhale mukugwa mukukonzekera nthaka ndi kumapeto kwa nyengo, ndikuyiyika pambali pa mbewu, mderalo ndi zakuya kusiyana ndi kufesa.
Ndikofunikira! Musapitirire mlingo woyenera wa feteleza wa nayitrogeni, umathandiza kuti pulogalamu ya cyanide ikhale yobiriwira mumtundu wa manyuchi, omwe ndi owopsa polima mbewu zowonjezera.
Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu ndi mbewu yovala
Pali njira zingapo zomwe mungasankhe kuti mukhale ndi mtundu wa manyuchi., zosiyana ndi cholinga cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu izi. Kulima kotchuka kwa mitundu itatu yaikulu ya manyuchi: tirigu, shuga ndi tsache. Mtundu wotsirizirawu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maburashi ndi ma broom, ndi masamba a shuga - chifukwa chodyetsa komanso kupeza masewera kuchokera ku zimayambira.
Mbewu yambewu imaphatikizapo mitundu yonse yomwe imakula kuti ikhale tirigu. Kutalika kwa zimayambirazo ndi kuchokera ku theka la mita kufika pa theka ndi theka, njere ndi yozungulira ndi yosalala, yosavuta kugwa. Zina mwa mitundu ya tirigu yomwe ili ndi zokolola zambiri, ozizira kuzizira ndi chilala kukana, emit Genichesky 11, Horizon, Krymdar 10, Saturn, Kuban Red 1677, Orange 450, Cactus, Odessa 205, komanso hynrids Stepnoy 5, Rossorg 4 ndi Zernograd 8.
Kwa masabata angapo, mbeu zamasamba zikukonzekera kufesa.. Amayesetsa kupewa kugonjetsedwa kwa matenda a fungal ndi mabakiteriya ndikuwononga microflora mkati, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kukula. Ndi bwino kugwiritsira ntchito othandizira palimodzi, monga "Fentiuram" ("TMTD" 40% + yamkuwa trichlorophenolate 10% + gamma yovuta GHTSG15%), amagwira bwino kuposa fungicides okha.
Masiku ano, pali mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti mbeu izi zitheke. Povala, 5-10 l madzi + ophatikizapo kuvala mafilimu 1.5-2 makilogalamu + galasi yonyezimira 150 g amatengedwera 1 tani ya mbewu. M'pofunika kukumbukira kuti ndi kumera kokhala ndi nyemba zowonjezereka kwa mbeu.
Mukudziwa? Zofufuza za sayansi zasonyeza kuti kuvekera mbewu kwa Kuban Red mitundu 1677 ndi Orange 450 miyezi isanu ndi umodzi isanafike kufesa kumawonjezeka kumera kuchokera 45 mpaka 68%.
Nthawi yoyenera yamafesi kufesa
Nthaŵi yofesa yoyenera ndi pamene kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku pamtunda wa masentimita 10 ndi nthaka ... +16 ° C. Ndi kufesa koyamba, mbande ndizosawerengeka ndipo zimakula ndi namsongole. Pakati pa kutentha kwa nthaka, mbande zidzawoneka pa tsiku la 10-14 mutatha kufesa, ndipo ngati kutentha kumafika ku 25 ... +28 ° С, - pa tsiku la 5-6.
Ndikofunikira! Osakonzedwe mwakuya kwa manyuchi akukula kuchokera ku mbewu kumayambiriro kwa masika. Pofesedwa mu nthaka yozizira, mbewu sizingamere ndi kuvunda.
Njira yobzala mbewu
Pakati pa masika onse a kasupe ali ndi mbewu zing'onozing'ono, ngakhale kuti hybrids ndi mitundu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mbewu zambiri. Ndi chizoloŵezi cha manyuchi ku chitsamba cholimba, muyenera kulingalira kuchuluka kwa mbeu yolemera, yomwe imawerengedwa ndi m'lifupi pakati pa mizere ndi kukula kwa zomera pa hekitala. Chiwerengero cha zomera pafupifupi 160-170,000 pa hafu imodzi imalangizidwa. Kawirikawiri, ndi 10-14 makilogalamu pa hekitala.
Kuwerengera mlingo wofesa manyuchi, ayenera kuganizira mmunda kumera mbeu. Mbewu zamakono zamakono zapamwamba zimakhala ndi kumera kwa ma laboratory (kuyambira 82% mpaka 95%), koma kufanana kwa nthaka - 12-19%.
Bzalani mbewu zikufunika nthaka yonyowa, koma osati mozama kwambiri. Popeza mitengo ndi mbewu yaing'ono, ndipo kufesa kwakukulu kumawonjezeka, zomera zimawoneka zofooka komanso zosagonjetsedwa ndi nyengo. Kuzama kwakukulu ndi masentimita 7. Nthaka yosanjikiza ya nthaka youma, n'zotheka kuyika mpaka 10-12 masentimita, ndi odzigudubuza akukulunga mutatha kufesa. Ngati mutangoyamba kubzala mvula, mumatha kulola masentimita 4, kuya kwake kukuvomerezeka pa nthaka yothirira.
Chomera chobiriwira cha manyuchi chimapezeka poona kufupika kwa mizere pakati pa mizere - 60 ndi 45 masentimita. Kuchepetsa m'lifupi pakati pa mizere ndi mowirikiza womwewo kumakupatsani inu kufalitsa mbewu mofanana mumzere, ndi bwino kuwapatsa chakudya ndi kuonjezera zokolola.
Kusamalira mbewu zambewu
Zipangizo zamakono zouma zimaphatikizapo zochitika zingapo. Choyamba atabzala - Kupukutira ndi makina oyendayenda, pambuyo pake ziwombankhanga zomwe zidang'ambika kuchokera m'nthaka zimapanga chingwe chokhala ndi mulch. Pambuyo pa masiku asanu mutabzala, chisanafike chiwombankhanga chimawombera namsongole.
Ngati mutabzala chimfine, kachilombo katsiku ka 10 sikanafike pamasentimita 2-3, kukhumudwa kuyenera kubwerezedwa. Mu njira yoyamba yotere, namsongole amaonongeka ndi 60%, ndipo pambuyo pachiwiri - ndi 85%. Kukhalitsa kwa nthawi ndi nthawi kumalowetsa kulima kulikonse.
Pambuyo mvula yamitambo, mitundu yambiri ya pansi, iyenera kuwonongedwa nthawi, chifukwa imalepheretsa kukula kwa mbande. Asanayambe kuphuka, kutumphuka kukhoza kuwonongeka ndi kuphulika, koma ngati kanapangidwa panthawi ya kumera, imayenera kuchotsedwa ndi mazira ozungulira paulendo wopitirira 9 km / h. Kusamalanso kwina ndikumalima alimi ammzere, omwe amameretsanso nthawi yomweyo. Kulima kumathandiza kuchotsa namsongole, kudzaza mizu ndi mpweya, ndi kusunga chinyezi pamaso pa maluwa ndi kucha.
Kulima kumayamba mwamsanga pamene mizere ya manyuchi ikuwoneka bwino. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oyamba ayenera kukhala masentimita 10-12. Yotsatira ikuchitika mu masabata 2-3 ndi kuya kwa masentimita 8-10, ndipo lachitatu - patatha masabata angapo pambuyo pachiwiri kufika 6-8 masentimita.
Ndikofunikira! Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ozungulirana ndi alimi, m'pofunika kusunga m'kati mwa malo otetezera pa 10-12 masentimita.
Kuletsa udzu ndi kuteteza tizilombo ndi matenda
Udzu wowawa kwambiri wa manyuchi - Izi ndizozizira, zomwe zimapanga 90-95% ya kulemera kwa namsongole. Zimaphweka mosavuta ndi zowawa zamasamba kumera. Pambuyo kumera ndi kumera mizu, zimakhala zosagwirizana ndi zovuta ndi zina zotchedwa herbicides. Mukhoza kuwawononga "Agritox" (0,7-1.7 kg pa hekita), "2.4 D" (0.5-1 makilogalamu pa hekita), "2M-4X" (0.5-1.1 kg hekitala).
Mbewu yambewu imatha kuwononga tizilombo ngati aphid, njenjete ya thonje, njenjete yoyera, waya wodutsamo, ndi alonda a waya. Tizilombo timene timapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisawonongeke. Timadya masamba ang'onoang'ono, masamba, masamba, ndi mbewu. Pofuna kuthana ndi kufalitsa tizirombo, nkofunika kuti tizilandira mankhwala ndi Operkot (0.16 kg pa hekita) komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Zenit (0,2 l pa hekita). Pakati pa kubereka kwa mbozi zowononga - kupopera mankhwala "Bi-58".
Ngati mphutsi zingapo zimapezeka pa chomera chimodzi, bwerezani kupopera mankhwala pakatha masiku khumi ndi limodzi ndikukonzekera kwa "Hapelin" (0,8-1.0 makilogalamu pa hekita), Dendrobatsillin (0.5-1.0 kg pa hekitala), ndi Lepidocyte 1.5-2.0 makilogalamu pa hekitala). Mitundu ya matenda amatsitsimutsa kwambiri masamba, utsi, dzimbiri, zowola, gelmintosporiozu, fusarium ndi alternariosis, zomwe zimachepetsa mbewu.
Pofuna kupewa izi, m'pofunika kuwononga zatsalira pa nthawi yake, kuchotsa malo owonongeka, kulima dothi, mbewu za pickle, komanso fetashi ndi feteleza wa phosphate, chifukwa n'zosatheka kukula bwino mababu popanda kuwona izi.
Kukolola Kwambiri
Njere zambewu sizimadulidwa, zimakololedwa pamene tirigu watseka. Pa nthawi yomweyi musanayeretsenso chinyezi. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha manyuchi ndi chakuti njere nthawi zambiri imakula mu panicle, pamene masamba onsewa ali ofiira komanso amakhala ndi masamba 60%, ndipo zimayambira 70%. Mbewu yambewu ikhale 25-30%, ndiye mukhoza kuyamba kuyeretsa.
Kololani zokolola mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito makina okolola. Pofuna kupewa kukolola njere panthawi yopunthira, liwiro limachepetsedwa kufika 500-600 pa mphindi. Kuti mupeze tirigu wouma, m'pofunika kuti muziyeretsa, makamaka pa mitundu yoyamba yakucha. Mutu wa ZHN-6 umagwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umakhala waukulu pamunsi wocheka (mpaka masentimita 15) ndikuupindapinda mu mipukutu.
Patatha milungu iwiri tirigu ndi amadyera zouma, kupunthira kumapangidwa ndi chophatikiza. Mitengo yobiriwira imakololedwa pamene panicle imatayidwa, kusiya kudulidwa kwa 10-12 masentimita.
Ndikofunikira! Kusonkhanitsa mtundu wobiriwira uyenera kudyetsedwa pambuyo pa maola ola anayi kuti zisawonongeke poizoni ndi zinthu za cyanide.
