M'dzinja ndi nthawi yomwe mbeu ndi kuchuluka kwa mbeu za chaka chotsatira zimadalira.
Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yanu kusamalira mitengo ya zipatso, musazengereze; mu chilimwe mudzawona zotsatira za ntchito zanu ndi chidziwitso.
Choncho, musakhale aulesi ndikuchotseratu zonse.
Ndi m'dzinja kuti m'pofunika kuteteza munda ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, ndikwanira kufesa, moisten ndi kukumba nthaka, ndikupatsanso chidwi pokonzekera nyengo yozizira.
Tidzakambirana za izi mwatsatanetsatane.
Choyamba, m'dzinja muyenera kusamalira chitetezo cha mitengo ya zipatso. Kuyamba ntchito yonse bwino pamene masamba akugwa. Koma musati muwumitse.
Magulu okonzekera amadalira nyengo ya dera limene udabzala - m'madera akummwera chochitikachi chikhoza kuyambika kumapeto kwa September, ndikumwera - mu October. Chifukwa, mochedwa kukonzekera nyengo yozizira kumpoto, sizingangowonjezera mkhalidwe wa munda, koma ngakhale kuwuwononga.
Kuwombera mvula mtengo
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mitengo ya njoka zoyera ndizo chitetezo ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe taika mphutsi zawo m'makungwa a m'nyengo yozizira, komanso matenda ena. Inde, izi ndi zoona, koma osati zokha. Kubwerera mu 1887, adazindikira kuti mitengoyo inayera ndi njira yothetsera laimu, inalekerera frosts bwino kuposa oyandikana nawo pafupi.
Wamaluwa akugwiritsabe ntchito izi. Kodi chinsinsi n'chiyani? Kuphimba koteroko kumatetezera kutaya madontho aakulu otentha m'nyengo yozizira, dzuwa likatentha masana, ndipo chisanu chimayamba kuzizira usiku. Mitengo yosadziwika ili ndi ming'alu, yomwe imakhala malo abwino kwambiri kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Koma apa muyenera kudziwa zina mwa maonekedwe.
Mwachitsanzo, mukameta maluwa aang'ono, katsabola kake kangathe kusinthidwa ndi choko. Solution ayenera kukhala wandiweyani ndi wodzazidwa, ayenera kuphimba osati thunthu, komanso chigoba nthambi. Alipo Pali njira zingapo zomwe mungakonzekeretse yankho.
Yoyamba - yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta - yokonza zokonza. Pakuti ziyenera kutenga 2 kg ya mandimu ya laimu + 400g zamkuwa. Izi zigawozi zimasungunuka mu 10 malita a madzi ndi Kuwonjezera kwa phala, chifukwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe. Mukhozanso kuwonjezera 1kg ya ndowe ndi ndowe kuti zikhalepo.
Kwa mitengo yaying'ono, phala siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, makungwa awo sangathe kupuma kupyolera muzitsulo. Kwa mbande, ndi bwino kukonzekera chisakanizo cha mandimu (3kg), dothi (1.5kg) ndi mullein (1kg), yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi kuti mukhale ndi zonona.
Njira yachiwiri - Ichi ndi chisakanizo chogulitsidwa m'sitolo, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi dongo ndi laimu. Komabe, mvula imeneyi imatsuka nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa nyengo, kotero imayenera kubwezeretsanso munda wonsewo. Kuonjezeranso kwa asidi ya carbolic ku njira iliyonse idzateteze mitengo kuti iwonongeke ndi makoswe ndi hares.
Chitetezo cha m'munda motsutsana ndi tizilombo
Munda wachisanu ndi malo ozizira tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, omwe amaika mphutsi zawo m'makungwa, masamba ogwa, mumtsinje wa korona.
Mwachitsanzo, chisa chaching'ono chomwe chimakhala ngati chishango pamwamba pa nthambi ndi apulo yomwe imakhala ndi mazira 80, mikanda ing'onozing'ono ngati mphete pa nthambi ndi ana a silkworm, ndipo masamba owuma omwe ali ndi makina a nthambi akhoza kukhala otetezeka kwambiri mbozi ya young hawthorn ndi zlatoguzki.
Iyi ndi mndandanda wochepa wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tingawuteteze bwanji?
Choyamba ndikofunikira kuchotsa dera lonse kuchoka ku zinyalala ndi masamba ogwa. Sungani mitengo ndi makungwa akufa ndi maburashi. Ndi bwino kupanga nthaka yakuya (15-20cm) kukumba kuti iwononge wintering ya mbozi.
Fufuzani mosamala mitengo ya zipatso, m'malo ena mungafunike kugula galasi. Sambani mitengo ikuluikulu ya mikanda yopangira mazira, yomwe imayambira kwambiri. Fulani minda yonse ndi yankho la 3 kapena 5% la urea. Tetezani mitengo kuchokera ku tizirombo monga aphid, lungwort, silkworm, tsamba la masamba limathandiza kupopera mbewu "Buldok", "Fury", "Agravertini".
Kuchokera ku matenda monga coccomycosis ndi malo ena otetezeka adzateteza Kupopera mbewu zopangira zopangira zamkuwa: chitsulo sulphate, Bordeaux osakaniza, mkuwa oxychloride kapena fungicides - Kuproksat, Topsin, Horus. Kuchotsa nkhanambo ndi zowola zipatso kumathandiza processing "Impact", "Strobe" kapena "liwiro." Mabala onse, ming'alu ndi matabwa mumtengo ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi 5% yothetsera ferrous sulphate komanso yokhala ndi simenti.
Tetezani munda ku makoswe
Hares ndi makoswe ang'onoting'ono amawononga kwambiri munda, makamaka kwa achinyamata. Kuteteza mitengo kwa iwo ndikofunikira kukulunga thunthu Nsalu zakale kapena zovuta zakale ndi ruberoid. Ambiri amaluwa amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ntchentche ya azimayi pantchito imeneyi. Zili bwino kuteteza nthambi.
Pansi pamunsi, chitetezo chiyenera kukhala bwino pa prikopat lapansi, kotero kuti mbewayo siinathenso. Nthambi za spruce kapena pine zimagwira bwino, zimangiriza thunthu ndikuphimba dothi la okolostvolny. Kununkhira kwa koriander komwe kunamwazikana kunafalikira pansi pafupi ndi mtengo, komanso kumawopsyeza mbewa bwino.
Kukulitsa munda kumapulumutsanso mitengo kuchokera ku chisanu cha chisanu. Ndipo ngati muyeretsanso makungwa (monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa), ndiye kuti munda wanu sudzakhala woopsya komanso kutentha kwa dzuwa kuchokera kuzizira.
Muyenera kudziwa kuti ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakutchire monga chofunda, ndiye kuti payenera kukhala phokoso la nsalu pakati pa iyo ndi makungwa a mtengo. Apo ayi, sopreyet mtengo.
Kudulira mitengo
Kudulira mitengo ya zipatso kuyenera kuyamba pamene masamba akutha. Miyezi Kusiyana ndi malo obzala. Kumadera akum'mwera, mukhoza kuchoka ku Oktoba, ndipo kumpoto - simungachedwe, kotero kuchepetsa kumachitika kumapeto kwa September kapena, ngakhale bwino, kubwereranso mpaka March.
Apo ayi, mtengo sudzakhala ndi nthawi yokonzekera nyengo yozizira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi otaya. Mukamadula mitengo, pamalo a chilonda, nkhuni zimauma ndipo zimawombera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kufa kwa mtengo.
Kotero, ife tikupitirizabe kumbali za njirayi. Choyamba kuchotsani nthambi zowuma ndi matenda, zotsatiridwa ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuchulukira kwakukulu, kukula mu njira ya thunthu, pang'onopang'ono, yosakanizana.
Mitengo yomwe siidatchedwe kwa zaka zambiri imayenera kudulidwa m'magawo, patatha zaka zingapo, kuyambira ndi nthambi zazikuru ndikutha ndi zochepa, zosalekeza. Ngati mtengo umadulidwa kwambiri, sangathe kubereka zipatso kapena kufa.
Mitengo yaing'ono siimatchera m'dzinja. Ndikoyenera kufoola korona wa mitengo yaying'ono pachaka, imayika maonekedwe awo ndi kukula bwino. Kwa mitengo yakale, mwambowu umachitika zaka 2-3 zokha kuti apitirize kufalikira kwa mpweya ndi kuwala pakati pa nthambi, komanso kupeza zokolola zazikulu ndi zabwinoko.
Mabala onse pamtengo pamtunda wautali amayenera kuchitidwa ndi phula la munda ndikuphimbidwa ndi varnishi kapena utoto. Zitsamba zonse zouma ndi zowonongeka ziyenera kutenthedwa, chifukwa akhoza kusunga spores wa matenda ndi tizirombo zosiyanasiyana.
Ndimakondweretsanso kuwerenga za kubzala kwa mbande mu April.
Kudyetsa mitengo ya m'munda
Kudyetsa kwadzinja amachititsa gawo lofunika kwambiri kuposa kasupe kapena chilimwe. Popeza ndi kugwa kwa mphamvu ya mtengo musanafike fruiting, chitetezo chake chimalimbikitsidwa ndipo chisanu chakumana chikuwonjezeka. Chovala chapamwamba chimapangidwanso pamodzi ndi feteleza chachikulu panthawi yophukira kukumba nthaka, m'dera lazungu, pafupi ndi October.
Kwa mitengo yaying'ono, yomwe msinkhu wawo sunakwanitse zaka 8, pafupifupi makilogalamu 30 a humus adzafunika, komanso akuluakulu - pafupifupi 50 kg. Kugwa, zinthu monga potaziyamu, phosphorous, nitrogen, calcium, iron ndi magnesium ndizofunika kwambiri.
Koma kudyetsa manganese, boron, mkuwa ndi cobalt, ndibwino kuti muchepetse zambiri. Njira yoyenera idzakhala yotsimikizira kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe nthaka imasowa. Koma izi sizingatheke komanso zotheka, choncho pali zikhalidwe zoyenera kutsatira.
Mwachitsanzo, pamwamba pa kuvala kwa apulo ndi peyala mitengo ndikofunikira ndi organic feteleza kuwonjezera 300 g wa superphosphate ndi 200 g wa potaziyamu sulphate kunthaka. Zinthu zimenezi zimapangidwira bwino kwambiri mwa kuthirira madzi ozungulira.
Kwa chitumbuwa ndi mitengo ya maula, zovala zapamwamba zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku 3 tbsp. superphosphate ndi 2 tbsp. potaziyamu sulfate inasungunuka mu 10 l madzi. Kuti mukhale ndi mtengo wokwanira pafupifupi 4 zidebe za madzi otero. Chifukwa cha dothi la mchenga ndi mchenga, zinthu zina zodyera zimayenera kuposa dongo ndi loamy, zolemera kwambiri.
Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti kuchokera ku dothi lowala limathandiza kwambiri zakudya zomwe zimakhala zowonjezereka kutsukidwa ndi mphepo komanso pakumwa madzi. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha fruiting, munda umasowa zakudya zambiri m'dzinja. Kuwaza ndi nayitrogeni ndikobwino kuimitsa nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa kugwa uku kumathandizira kulimbikitsa kutaya kwa dzuwa, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri nyengo yozizira.
Kuthirira mitengo yamaluwa
Kuthira kwa autumn analoledwa kokha m'madera okhala ndi mvula yochepa. Ngati mtengo unathiriridwa kwambiri m'chilimwe ndi m'dzinja, ndipo pambuyo pake udakali wozungulira ndi dziko lapansi, izi zimabweretsa chitsimikizo, ndipo pambuyo pothyoka makungwa a thunthu, m'malo amodzi.
Sitiyenera kuiwalika kuti kumwa madzi okwanira ndi owopsa, monga kusowa kwa chinyezi m'nthaka isanafike nyengo yozizira. Ngati mtengo uli ndi chosowa chowonjezera cha chinyezi, ndiye kuti kuuma kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, ndipo chomera sichitha kupirira chisanu mokwanira.
Komanso zambiri kuthirira chilimwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa mphukira, zomwe zimakula kufika 2m, alibe nthawi yozizira kuti zikhale zolimba ndikufa ndi chisanu m'nyengo yozizira. Nthaŵi zina, m'malo omwe mumakhala chinyezi chochulukirapo, udzu wamakale umabzalidwa, ndipo udzu umatha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthaka izikhala bwino. Ngati chinyezi cha dera la kubzala munda ndi chachilendo, ndiye kuthirira kotsirizira kumafunidwa pasanathe October.
Kuwaza mitengo pansi ndi nthaka kumaloledwa m'malo ozizira ndi chisanu, chifukwa kuphatikizapo kuthirira madziwa kungapangitse mtengo kusiyana ndi kuteteza.
Komanso, otsirizira otentha kumapeto kwa autumn imathandizira kulimbitsa mizu, imathetsa kuthekera kwa kutentha kwa dzuwa kwa makungwa a thunthu ndi nthambi, komanso imapereka nyengo yowonjezera bwino, m'malo mwa kukonzanso kasupe koyamba. Chifukwa cha iye, mizu ya mtengo imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa m'nyengo yozizira mtengo umatulutsa chinyezi kuchokera ku kuya kwa 0-2-2m kuchokera mu nthaka pamwamba.
Sitinaganize, m'nyengo yozizira mitengo imasowa chinyezi. Polemba ndondomeko ya ulimi wothirira ayenera kuganiziranso kutalika kwa madzi m'deralo. Popeza ndikofunikira kudzaza nthaka ku kuya kwakukulu kuposa kuya kwa mizu ya mtengo ndi kuthirira madzi.
Komabe silovomerezeka kuyanjana kwa madzi a nthaka ndi ulimi wothirira. Nthawi zambiri ulimi wothirira madzi ndi pafupifupi 10-16 ndowa za madzi pa 1 sq.m. nthaka.
Ngati dothi m'munda mwanu liri ndi ndalama zopanda kanthu, komanso zidutswa zadongo, ndiye kuti madzi okwanira amatha nthawi yambiri yozizira, ndipo kawirikawiri sakhala ndi zidebe zinayi pa 1 sq. M.
Kukumba mtengo
Kulima mvula kugwa ndi kofunika kwambiri, ndipo sikungasinthidwe ndi kasupe, monga momwe anthu osadziŵa nyengo ya chilimwe amaganizira nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa cha kumasula, nthaka imapindula ndi mpweya, mphutsi ndi mazira a tizilombo tosiyanasiyana omwe amamwalira m'nyengo yozizira akufa, mizu ndi udzu zimatha.
Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuswa zikuluzikulu za dziko lapansi pakukumba, mwinamwake zidzatsogolera kuzizizira ndi nyengo ya nthaka pa tsamba. Komanso, musamachite mochedwa kukumba deralo ndi chisanu. Izi zidzatenthetsa kutentha kwachisanu.
Ndikofunika kumaliza ntchito zonse za kukumba ndi kukumba pasanathe mapeto a mwezi wa Oktoba. Sitiyenera kuiwalika kuti mwana wazaka chimodzi, kukumba sikuyenera kuchitidwa mozama kuti asawononge mizu.
Ndipo pokhala ndi mvula yowonongeka, pali umboni wakuti mtengo wa apulo uli ndi mizu yambiri pamtunda wa masentimita 20-60, mu mtengo wamtengo wapatali pa chitsa cha mtengo, komanso mumtengo wa chitumbuwa - pamtunda wa 20-40 cm. Pansi pa thunthu la nyanja ya buckthorn, kukumba kumatulutsa mwachangu kutulutsa mpweya wake kufika pozama masentimita 7, pokhala osamala kuti musakhudze mizu.
Ngati mwasankha fosholo, ndiye kuti iyenera kukhala pambali pa mtengo wa zipatso. Ngati munda sungathe kumasulidwa, mizu imakwera pamwamba, yomwe imayambitsa ngozi ndi kuzizira m'nyengo yozizira.
Izi zingapangitse kuti mtengo ukhale wopanda njira yopezera zakudya ndi chinyezi, ndipo mabala oyamba a mizu adzakhala mlengalenga wa matenda ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Komanso ganizirani zadothi la m'munda wanu. Dothi losalala, lotayika, limasowa kumasula, komanso lolemera, dongo - limafuna kuvomerezedwa kukumba.
Masamba akufa
Alipo Zosankha ziwiri zoyenera kuthana ndi masamba omwe anafa m'munda. Amaluwa ena amakhulupirira kuti palibe chomwe chiyenera kuchitidwa, chifukwa palibe amene amachotsa masamba kumtunda, koma amadwala mwachilengedwe komanso amakhala ngati feteleza abwino kwambiri m'tsogolomu.
Ena amakhulupirira kuti masamba omwe agwa ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa ndi pomwe pamakhala mphutsi ndi mazira a tizilombo toledzera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, choncho tiyenera kuyeretsedwa ndi kutenthedwa. Zonsezi ndi zolondola.
Choncho, musanasankhe momwe mungagwirire ndi masamba ogwa, muyenera kumvetsera ngati malo anu ali ndi matenda ndi tizirombo. Ngakhale zili choncho, ndiye kuti mutenge masamba m'matumba, simungalole kuti zibwereke, ndipo tizilombo tonse timene timayambitsa matenda tizitha kufa chifukwa cha chisanu. M'chaka, masambawa ayenera kuponyedwa mu mulu kuti avunda.
Njirayi ikhoza kufulumizitsa ndi ma fosholo ndi ulimi wothirira ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zimathandiza kupanga mapangidwe a humus. Ngati mitengo yanu ili ndi thanzi labwino, ndiye kuti masamba omwe amasonkhanitsidwa akhoza kukhala malo abwino kwambiri a chisanu pamitengo ya mitengo, ndipo pambuyo pake, kuvala kokongola kwambiri kwa nthaka. Pamaso pa tizirombo ndi matenda ambiri, ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito masamba ogwa, koma kuti mukhale mulu ndi kuwotcha.
