Mphesa - chikhalidwe chomwe chimafuna chidwi chochulukirapo, makamaka ngati sichikulitsidwa kumwera kwa Russia, koma pakati mseu kapena Siberia. Popeza chomera chimakonda kutentha, zimamuvuta kuti azitha kukhala pamalo abwino ozizira, komanso kusowa kwa chisamaliro choyenera, nthaka yosayenera ndi matenda osiyanasiyana siziwononga mbewu zokha, koma mbewu yonseyo pamodzi ndi masamba, masamba ndi mizu.
Mphesa, monga zolengedwa zina zambiri, nthawi zambiri zimayambukiridwa ndi kachilomboka, kamene kamachotsedwa kuchokera ku chomera chodwala ndikupita ku thanzi. Mwanjira imeneyi, matenda osiyanasiyana a ma virus, mafangasi ndi mabakiteriya owopsa amadutsa.
Nthawi zambiri, namsongole ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono, monga tizilombo ndi makoswe, ndizonyamula matenda m'minda yamphesa.
Kwa tchire lomwe lili ndi kachilombo, chilichonse chakunja chingakhudze kukula ndi kutukuka, khalani chonde m'nthaka, kapangidwe kake, chinyezi cha mpweya, kuchuluka kwa mpweya, ndi zina zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mvula ikagwa, mphesa zowawa zimangovunda.
Pali mtundu wina wopanda matenda opatsirana mphesa - izi zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwamakina, monga kudulira kosayenera, kutentha kwa masamba, kuwonongeka kwa mizu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamunda.
Matenda oyamba ndi mphesa
Nthenda yofala kwambiri yomwe imadziwika ndi alimi onse ndi opanga maulimi imatchedwa mildew (sidium), ndipo m'mawu osavuta - downy mildew.
Fangayi imakhudza masamba a mphesa, mphukira ndi zipatso, ndikupanga mawanga achikaso ndi imvi. Chizindikiro ichi sichitha kunyalanyazidwa, chifukwa mungakhalire osati kokha popanda mbewu, komanso makamaka popanda mbewu pamalowo.
Bowa umaswanirana m'nthaka, masamba agwa ndi zipatso zowola ndipo umatengedwa ndi mphepo m'malo ambiri a mpesa. Masamba achichepere ndi mabulosi a zipatso amakonda kuwonongeka, okalamba amalimbana ndi matendawa.
Popewa, wamaluwa odziwa bwino amamanga mphukira kuti asaname pansi; wopeza ndi kuchotsa mphukira zowonjezereka; Amayeretsa pansi pa minda yamphesa, ndikuchotsa ndi kuwotcha masamba, ndikuwathira pansi ndi makonzedwe okhala ndi mkuwa nthawi 5-6 pa nyengo (1% Bordeaux osakaniza, mkuwa chloroxide). Kukonza kumalizidwa masabata atatu isanakolole.
Amathandizidwa ndi kanyumba mwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi fungicides. Zotsatira zabwino zidawonetsedwa ndi Zircon. Zida zingapo zogwira mtima: Strobi, Polikhom, Rodimol Gold.
Bowa wina wowopsa ndi Oidium. Zimachitika pang'onopang'ono, koma zizindikiro zake zimakhala zofanana ndi matenda oyamba - mawanga amvi pam masamba ndi zipatso.
Dzina lodziwika bwino la matendawa ndi powdery hlobo. Ngati simukuyesetsa kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda, mbewu ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Choyamba, zipatsozo zimayamba kuphulika, ndipo m'zaka zochepa chikhalidwecho chidzazimiririka.
Njira zopewera sizisiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika pakhungu. Machitidwe omwewo atithandiza kuteteza mbewu ku matenda.
Mankhwala, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho ndikuwonjezera kukonzekera kwa sulufule. Sulfa bwino amalimbana ndi matenda, ndipo amateteza mbewuzo.
Kuti mupeze yankho, magalamu 80 a sulfure ayenera kuchepetsedwa mumtsuko wamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, sulufa woyenga ndi kuwonjezera kwa utomoni wamatabwa ungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Carbis Top, Tiovit, Topaz itithandizanso.
Anthracnose - kuyanika m'munda wamphesa. Masamba ndi nthambi zimakutidwa ndi zidendene zofiirira komanso zowuma. Chimachitika nthawi zambiri ndimvula yamvula yambiri.
Mankhwalawa ndi ofanana ndi khansa - mankhwala othandizira ndikuchotsa mphukira zowonongeka.
Ngati matendawa apeza mawonekedwe osakhazikika, kapena wakokera - muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides, monga: Kartotsid, Fundazol, Polycarbacin, Ordan, Previkur, Artserid, Abiga-Peak. Chithandizo cha antifungal ziyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi kwa milungu iwiri.
Matenda ofanana ndi anthracnose - Cercosporosis. Tikagwidwa ndi matendawa, masamba ake amakutidwa ndi mawanga a maolivi ndipo amawuma. Mankhwala, osakaniza Bordeaux amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Alternariosis ndi nthenda ya fungus yophukira. Zizindikiro zake ndizotsatirazi: zipatso zimakutidwa ndi chiphunzitso choyera kwambiri, ndipo mbali zina za mbewu zimachita imvi kapena zofiirira. Zipatso zowonongeka zimawola msanga. Bordeaux madzimadzi athandizira bwino pankhondo.
Escoriasis (wakuda bii) - bowa uyu amapanga mawanga akuda mmera wonsewo. Masamba, zipatso ndi nthambi zimakhala zakuda. Mapesi omwe ali ndi matendawa amasanduka akuda, owuma kenako nkugwa, osatha kugwira gulu. Kupulumutsa mbewu, kudulira ndi kuwotcha nthambi zowonongeka ndikofunikira, ndipo mbewuyo imathandizidwanso ndi antifungal fungicide Medea ME, ndipo izi ziyenera kuchitika kumayambiriro kwamasika, masamba atayamba kuphuka.
Wotsutsa. Matendawa amafalitsa tchire mkati mwa nyengo, nyengo yotentha. Mafomu oyera oyera pamasamba otsika. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa poizoni amene atulutsidwa ndi bowa, mmera umatha kufa mwachangu, koma pali nthawi zina pomwe matendawa amapitilira muyeso kwa zaka zingapo. Arsenite amathandizira ndi bowa uyu, komabe, ndi woopsa ndipo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala. 
Gray zowola, zowola zoyera, zowola zakuda
Gray zowola - zokutira zokulira imvi zomwe zimakhudza gawo lililonse la mbewu. Nthawi zambiri, imawoneka pamunsi pa zipatso. Matenda owopsa, osachiritsika. Kondani kumatanthauza kuti Medea ME, Mutu 390, Sinthani, Horus, Antracol. Pa prophylaxis, muyenera kukweza zimayambira padziko lapansi, kutsina mbewu, chotsani namsongole, osaziphatikiza ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni.
Kungola koyera sikusiyana kwambiri ndi iye. Ndi matendawa, makamaka zipatso zowola. Utoto wofiirira, ngati nkhungu, umaphimba maburashi pang'ono kapena kwathunthu. Matendawa samangonena za matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi, nthawi zina zimawoneka pomwe mbewuyo iwonongeka mwakanthawi. Mankhwalawa ndi ofanana ndi khansa.
Zowola chakuda. Ndi matendawa, masamba ndi zipatso zimachita khungu. Akagonjetsedwa, amapeza utoto wakuda kapena mtundu wakuda. Matendawa amapita patsogolo mofulumira, amafalikira m'malo athanzi, motero, dera la zowola limakulanso. Mankhwala, Antracol, Topaz ndi fungicides okhala ndi mkuwa ndi oyenera.
Armillarosis ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus omwe amakhudza mizu ndi masamba a mphesa. Poyamba amatembenukira chikasu, ndipo pakugwa kwawo amakula ndi bowa wachikaso ndi bulauni. Mphesa zimathandizidwa ndi fungicides ndi mkuwa.
Verticillosis ndi matenda omwe akupita patsogolo pazaka zisanu. Nthawi yamatendawa, mphukira zimafa ndipo masamba amasanduka achikaso. Mankhwala, kupopera mbewu tchire ndi Fundazol ndikoyenera.
Vutoli Vutoli
Matenda owopsa a mphesa ndi mavairasi. Ochita bwino opeza ndi alimi amadziwa kuti ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda, njira yokhayo yoyenera ndikuchotsa chitsamba, chifukwa matendawa ndi osachiritsika. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya oyipa omwe amafalitsidwa ndi mbande zazing'ono kapena tizilombo.
Matenda oterewa ndi ovuta kudziwa, chifukwa momwe mankhwalawo amasiyana pang'ono ndi matenda a fungus kapena chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakunja kwa mpesa, motero, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchitapo kanthu monga:
- Kubzala mbande zokha "zoyera" zokha
- Nthawi zonse komanso pafupipafupi kuyang'anira kudulira nyemba komanso kuyamwa tizirombo.
- Kukumba ndi kutaya mbeu zodwala kwathunthu
Matenda ofala kwambiri ali ndi mayina awa: kuyenda kwa masamba, chlorosis (matenda), necrosis yamitsempha yama masamba, moss mosaic, mfundo yaying'ono.
Matenda osagwirizana
Matenda ofala kwambiri osayambitsa matenda ndi chlorosis (iron). Amayamba chifukwa cha zovuta za chilengedwe, makamaka zimayamba kuzizira, ndipo feteleza wolakwika wa dothi akhoza kukhala chifukwa chake.
Kuchuluka kwa zamchere ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni kungayambitsenso chlorosis. Chifukwa china chodziwika ndi kusowa kwa chitsulo m'nthaka.
Mutha kuzindikira ndi zotsatirazi: mphesa zimatha kuphukira, mphukira zimacheperachepera, ndipo masamba amasungunuka, amakhala otuwa kwambiri ndi thunzi yachikasu.
Chlorosis amathandizidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndikuwonjezera kukonzekera kwachitsulo nthawi iliyonse, koma kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa panthawi yamankhwala sikuchotsedwa. Yankho la 10 l tikulimbikitsidwa. madzi ndikuwonjezera kwa iye 100-200 magalamu a iron sulfate. Masamba amatha kuwaza ndi chelate chachitsulo, imalimbitsa kapangidwe kawo.
Kuphatikiza pazitsulo, amalangizidwa kuti athetse dothi ndi mavitamini, omwe amaphatikizapo manganese, zinc ndi boron.
Tizilombo ta Mphesa
Kuopsa kwa mphesa sikuti ndimatenda kokha, komanso kuchuluka kwa tizirombo tina tambiri komwe kumafooketsa mbewuyo ndipo imakhala yotetezeka kwambiri. Choopsa kwambiri: phylloxera, pepala, mphesa zam'mphesa, kangaude ka mbewa ndi ena.
Pafupifupi zidutswa 10 za mphesa, njira zodzitetezera ndi njira zowongolera, werengani patsamba lathu Mr. Summer wokhala.
