Omwe akufuna kudzala ma Shpanka yamatanda m'munda wawo akhoza kusokeretsedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pamsika akapereka Shpanki: amtali, Bryansk, Shimsky, Donetsk. Amasiyana maonekedwe ndi kukula kwake (kuchokera kocheperako mpaka chimphona), nthawi yomwe moyo umakhala ndi zipatso, zipatso ndi zipatso. Chifukwa chake, shpanka iliyonse imafuna kudziwana bwino.
Kufotokozera kwamitundu yamitundu yambiri ya Shpanka
Shpanka ndi amodzi mwa omwe amatchedwa mitundu ya anthu, olemba ndi tsiku lenileni lomwe adachokera omwe sakudziwika. Unali wokha m'zaka za zana la 19 kapena koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 (ndipo malinga ndi zolembedwa zina zaka zopitilira 200 zapitazo) chifukwa chodutsa ma cherries ndi ma cherries, kotero malinga ndi sayansi, ndi wosakanizidwa womwe wakhala mitundu yosiyana, yosagwirizana. Kwa zaka zambiri, Shpanka adadzitsimikizira yekha ndipo afalikira kwambiri ku Russia, Ukraine ndi Moldova.
Ndikosavuta kukhazikitsa chiyambi cha chitumbuwa cha Spanka, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa "anthu" osiyanasiyana
Kutalika kwa mtengowu kumafika pa 6 m, koma pali zoyerekeza mpaka 10 m .. Chomera chimakhala ndi zaka 20-25. Nthawi zina, ndi kudulira koyenera kwa ukalamba mpaka zaka 30 kapena kupitirira, koma izi sizokhazo. Pamene chitumbuwa chikuyamba kukalamba, mphukira imodzi imatsala pansi pake. Kenako thunthu louma lodulidwadulidwa, ndipo mtengo watsopano umatsala pang'ono kubereka. Chifukwa chake, popanda mavuto, ndizotheka kuti malo obzala chitumbuwa asakhale malo amodzi kwazaka zambiri. Kudera la Central Black Earth ndi madera ena, padakalipo mitengo yamatcheri yakale yomwe yakhala ikukula kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za 40s - koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 50 zapitazo.
Ndi kudulira koyenera komanso chisamaliro choyenera, moyo wa mtengo wa chitumbuwa ungatalikitsidwe kwazaka zambiri
Nthambi ndi mitengo yamuyaya ya Shpanka ndi yakuda bii, achinyamata ndi opepuka. Izi ndikofunikira kudziwa, chifukwa zipatso zamatcheri zimangokhala mphukira zazing'ono, zomwe zimaganiziridwanso mukadulira. Korona wachikuda ndi wapakatikati. Chifukwa chake, Shpanka sakonda kukula; imabisala pang'ono mkati mwa korona, osapatula kudulira. Nthambi sizimakula kumtunda, monga mitundu ya piramidi, koma mbali yakumanja kwa thunthu, moyofanana ndi nthaka. Izi zitha kuonedwa ngati zopanda kanthu, chifukwa kulemera kwa mbewu yayikulu nthawi zina zimatha kuthyoka ndikufunika kukhazikitsa kwa ma props. Tsamba la spruce ndi lalitali, 7-8 masentimita, kwambiri ngati pepala lamatcheri, pinki petioles.
Zomera zochepa zoyambirira za Shpanka zimapatsa zaka 5 mutabzala mmera wazaka 1.5-2. Ndipo m'kupita kwa zaka zimachulukitsa zokolola, zikufika pachimake ndi zaka 15-18. Pazaka izi, mtengo umodzi umatha kutulutsa zipatso za 50-60 kg. Zochulukitsa zapakati pazamoyo zina zimayesedwa kuti ndi 35-40 kg. Maluwa amakutidwa, mpaka kulemera kwa 5-6 g, komwe kwamatcheri kumadziwika kuti ndi kwakukulu, pamalo opsa a mtundu wa maroon, wowutsa mudyo. Thupi limakhala lachikasu mkati, fupa limagawanika mosavuta. Zipatsozi zimakhala zotsekemera, zowutsa mudyo, komanso zowawasa pang'ono.
Mukukonda ndi zipatso, Spanka imagwira bwino ntchito pakati pa zipatso chifukwa idalandira gawo la kholo lake - yamatcheri. Komabe, zipatso sizisungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, zimafunikira kukonzanso mwachangu kapena kuzizira.
Kukolola kumacha pakati pa chilimwe. Kubala pang'onopang'ono, kumatambalala pafupifupi kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Zipatso zakupsa zimadzigwedeza pang'ono pomwe zimawomba mphepo, chifukwa chake ziyenera kusungidwa pa nthawi.
Shpanka imawoneka ngati yodzala, kutanthauza kuti, osafunikira kupukutidwa ndi zipatso zamtengo wapatali - onse amuna ndi akazi amakula pamtengo womwewo. Mtengo wosungulumwa ubala zipatso. Koma zokolola ndizochulukirapo ndipo zipatso zake ndizokwanira ngati Spanka imakula pagulu la zipatso zamitundu ina iliyonse.
Kuti mundawo ukhale wosagwirizana, osavomerezeka kubzala mitundu yotsika kapena yopanda pafupi ndi Shpanka yapamwamba, yomwe idzavundikiridwa kwambiri.
Mtengo wa Adult Spanky umapereka kwa 40 makilogalamu a chitumbuwa
Shpanka ndi mtundu wolimba womwe umalolera chilala komanso kuzizira kwambiri nyengo yozizira (mpaka -35zaC) Koma zomwe kholo lokonda kutentha (cherries) sizilola kuti mitunduyo ifalikire kumpoto. Cherry imatha kupirira nthawi yozizira, koma kufupikitsa nthawi yachilimwe kumalepheretsa zipatso kuti zipse. Komabe, m'matawuni ndi ku Middle Volga Spanka ikukula.
Kufalitsa kwa Cherry
Magulu amalalikidwa bwino ndi mizu. Kuchotsa ana pansi pa thunthu ndi ntchito yofunika kuchita chifukwa amakhetsa mtengo waukulu. Ndipo ngati simungakhudze mphukira, m'zaka zochepa imakhala mpikisano ku mitengo yayikulu ndipo kwa wina ndi mnzake, kuyambitsa kukulitsidwa, chifukwa chake, idzasiyidwa nkhalango yowonongeka ndi mbewu yaying'ono m'malo mwa mundawo.
Mphukira zimadulidwa pamtunda popanda kusiya hemp, kenako nkuzichotsa kapena kuwotcha. Koma mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chodzala. Kuti muchite izi, sankhani mbande yabwino pazomwe zakula pakadali pano, kapena kudula mphukira, kusiya zina zamphamvu mphukira kuti muwazule mu chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Ndizabwino kwambiri kuti ndikasendeza mphukira wazaka 1.5-2 ndi kutalika kwa 60-80 cm.
Mmera womwe udasankhidwa kuti uwokedwe umakungidwa mpaka pakuya kwa bayonet pamphepete mwa bayonet, ndikuutulutsa pamodzi ndi nthaka, kuyesera kuti mizu yambiri ikhale yolimba. Mukuchotsa mmera, muzu wokumbika wamchiberekero kuchokera kumtengo waukulu udzipeza. Amaduladula ndi fosholo kapena satifiketi otsekereza. Mukakumba zopitilira muyeso, munthu asaiwale kuti ntchitoyi ikuchitika m'dera la mizu ya mtengo wamoyo, chifukwa chake palibe chifukwa chokumba kwambiri. Kenako dzimbalo limakutidwa ndi dothi lotayirira ndikuwaza ndi masamba kapena mulch. Mmera umakhazikika pachotsekerapo ndipo mizu yonse imakhala yotsekeka kwa iyo.
Mphukira yodulidwa bwino imachotsedwera limodzi ndi mizu ndi mtanda.
Koma ngati mutha kupeza mphukira wazaka 2.5-3 zomwe zikuwoneka ngati mphukira yodziyimira payokha, mutha kuyimitsanso, izi zimathandizira kukolola koyamba pomatha zaka 1-2. M'munda womwe wasiyidwa mutha kupeza mmera wazaka 4-5. Koma akadzakula, mbvuto yake imamera, ndipo kukula kwamizu ndi nthaka kudzakhala naye.
Itha kudalilidwa ndikumalumikiza pazomera za zakumaso koma zolimba. Koma ndizovuta kwambiri komanso kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa choyambirira muyenera kukulitsa katundu, ndiyembekezerani kukula kwa mphukira yolumikizidwa.
Kubzala Ma Spank
M'madera akumwera, mutha kudzala shpanka panthawi yopuma:
- kugwa, masamba akangogwa mpaka pakati pa Okutobala;
- kasupe, nthawi yamasamba isanayambe.
Madera akumpoto, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala yamatcheri kumapeto kwa chaka, chifukwa mtengo wobzalidwa yophukira ulibe nthawi yokonzekera nyengo yachisanu.
Malo
Spanke amafunika malo okhala ndi dzuwa. M'madera akum'mwera shading imaloledwa pansipa, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kumiyala yakutali kapena nyumba zotsika. M'maderalo, madera ena ozizira kwambiri m'malo otetezedwa, chipale chofewa chimasungunuka nthawi yayitali, dziko limatentha kwambiri, nyengo yamitengoyi imachepetsedwa, motero malowo ayenera kukhala dzuwa.
Pali malo pakati pa nyumba, pomwe zojambulajambulazo zimawombera ngakhale nyengo yabwino. Malo oterewa siabwino ma cherries.
Dothi
Spanke amafunika dothi lotayirira, lotayirira, koma lokwanira madzi. Alumina wosakhazikika kapena loamu lolemera sizoyenera, mizu sangathe kukula bwino mwa iwo. Nthaka sayenera kukhala acidic, koma osalowerera kapena pang'ono zamchere, ndi pH ya pafupifupi 7. Madzi apansi pansi sayenera kupitirira 1.5m kuchokera pamwamba panthaka.
Tikufika patali
Motsatira masitepe mukabzala yamatcheri:
- Amakumba dzenje podulira monga mizu yake, makamaka ndi malire pang'ono ndi mulifupi.
- Chokhwima chokwanira chokhala ndi humus chimasakanizika ndi dothi mogwirizana ndi gawo limodzi la humus mpaka magawo atatu a nthaka. Phulusa la nkhuni limawonjezeredwa ndi osakaniza ngati 1 litre pa malita 20 a nthaka.
Mizu ya mmera uyenera kuikidwa momasuka mu dzenje lobzala
- Mtengo wamatabwa kapena chitoliro chachitsulo chimayendetsedwa mkati mwa dzenje.
- Inde, pansi pa dzenje pamathiridwa dothi lokonzekera.
- Pamwamba pake amafalitsa mizu ya mmera.
- Mtengowo uyenera kukhala womwewo momwe udakuliramo malo akale, omwe amawoneka bwino ndi mtundu wa makungwa. Koma mulimonsemo, simungathe kudzaza muzu wa khosi, uyenera kukhala pamlingo wa dothi. Ngati mmera ndi wotsika, amauchotsa, ndikutsanulira nthaka pamulu wapansi.
Mizu ya mbande ili pamtunda, khosi mizu sayenera yokutidwa ndi dothi
- Popeza anazindikira kutalika, mizu imakutidwa ndi dothi lotayirira, osasiya mpweya wamtopola, dothi limakhazikika pang'onopang'ono ndi phazi.
- Thirani malita 10-20 a madzi, kutengera kukula kwa dzenje ndi mmera, chinyezi cha dothi.
Mtengowo umathiriridwa poganiza chinyezi
- Mmera umamangiriridwa pamtengo wothandizira ndi twine wofewa wansalu kapena nsalu.
- Zingwe zozungulira zili ndi mulch.
Zosamalidwa
Kusamalira Spank - kudyetsa, kudulira, kuthana ndi matenda ndikuwongolera matenda - ndi pafupifupi zonse, ngati ma cherries onse amtali. Zina:
- Spank yabzalidwa osayandikira 3 m kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Ngati malowa alola, mutha kuwonjezera mtunda kupita pa 3.5-4 mamita pakati pa mizere. Ichi ndi mtengo wamtali wokhala ndi mizu yokulirapo kwambiri - 2-2,5 nthawi zambiri kuposa dera la korona.
- Pokonzekera kukula, monga mitundu yonse yakale, Shpanka sikufunikira mavalidwe apamwamba, makamaka pa chernozems ndi dothi lina lachonde. Koma kuvala bwino pamwamba ndi feteleza wokhathamira kapena amakono, makamaka pamtundu wocheperako, kungakhale kopindulitsa.
- Zosiyanasiyana zimagwirizana ndi matenda a fungal, coccomycosis ndi monolial burn, zomwe zimapangitsa chisamaliro.
- Mtengowu ungafune kuthirira, ngati kulibe mvula, nthawi yamaluwa ndi mapangidwe ovary.
- M'malo ozizira osazizira, ndikofunikira kuti nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa mtengowo idakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Ngati kulibe chipale chofewa, muyenera kudzaza dothi ndi mulch kuchokera ku utuchi, humus, masamba, udzu, udzu, manyowa, kompositi kapena peat ndi wosanjikiza pafupifupi masentimita 10. Chachikulu ndichakuti mizu siizizira.
- Ngati gawo lina la nthambi liyamba kuzizira, limadulidwa masika.
Zaka zambiri zakukula kwa shpanki zidawonetsa kuti pafupifupi vuto lokhalo ndi kubzala ndikututa kwa mtengo wamtali.
Zosiyanasiyana za Shpanka
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 ndi zoyambira m'zaka za zana la 21, pamaziko a mitundu yakale ya Shpanka, obereketsa amapanga mitundu yatsopano yomwe iyeneranso kuyang'aniridwa ndi wamaluwa.
Shpanka Bryansk
Zosiyanasiyana zidaphatikizidwa mu State Register mu 2009, zikulimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'chigawo cha Central. Thunthu lake ndi lalifupi, lalitali, ndiko kuti, pansi pa Shpanka wakale. Mphukira sizimafanana ndi nthaka, koma kupita m'mwamba, chifukwa chomwe mtengo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena. Mtundu wa khungwa ndi imvi. Zipatso ndizocheperako, mpaka 4 g kulemera, zozungulira zozungulira, zofiira. Oyambira akupeza 9%, omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi mbiri, kotero kukoma kwa zipatso zosapsa siwotsekemera, koma, m'malo mwake, okoma ndi wowawasa. Amayesedwa ngati wopanda chonde, amatha kubala zipatso pamtengo umodzi. Kucha koyambirira.
Kulima wamba kwa Shpanka Bryansk, malinga ndi State Record - 73 kg pa 1 ha, ndiye 73 kg kuchokera pa 100 m2, kapena pafupifupi 8 kg kuchokera ku mbiya imodzi. Malinga ndi mabuku ena, Shpanka Bryansk amapereka pafupifupi 35-40 kg kuchokera ku mbiya imodzi, yomwe ili pafupi kwenikweni.
Cherry Shpanka Bryansk adalimbikitsa kuti alime m'chigawo Chapakati
Shpanka Shimskaya
Zosiyanasiyana zidatchulidwa kutengera komwe zidachokera - Shimsky chigawo cha Leningrad. Chifukwa chake, amasinthidwa mwangwiro mikhalidwe ya Kumpoto-West.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakucha, zipatso zipsa kumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi. Zipatso mpaka Ogasiti. Kutali kwakumwera, m'derali, zipatso zimayamba mwachangu. Kuchokera pamtengo umodzi wachikulire, mutha kusonkhanitsa zipatso mpaka 45-55. Imayamba kubala zipatso kuyambira zaka 3-4, nthawi yayitali imafika zaka 25. Zipatso ndizapakatikati kukula, mpaka 3.5 g, zofiira mopepuka ngakhale zili kucha, zotsekemera, komanso acidity. Mnofu ndi wopepuka pinki, msuzi wake sukupaka utoto.
Mtengowu umakhala wamtali pakati, mpaka 3 m kutalika. Korona ndiwotchera, osowa, osafunikira kudulira. Makungwa ndi akhungu kwambiri, pafupifupi akuda ngakhale pa mphukira zazing'ono zamiyala. Imalekerera nthawi yachisanu bwino, koma nthawi zina imatha kudwala matenda oyamba ndi fungus, kuwotcha kwachifumu, komwe kungafune chithandizo ndi fungicides.
Zosiyanazi ndizodzala zokha, motero, zimafunika kubzala mu gulu lomwe limakhala ndi ma pollinators, yamatcheri amitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, Vladimir kapena Korostyn.
Shpanka Donetsk
Monga Shimskaya, adatchedwa dzina la komwe adachokera - Donetsk poyesa kulima dimba. Izi ndi wosakanizidwa yamatcheri ndi yamatcheri. Korona mu zaka zoyambirira monga piramidi, ndiye amakhala wokulungidwa. Zosiyanasiyana zimatulutsa zipatso zikuluzikulu - mpaka 6-7 g. Zipatso ndi zofiira, thupi ndi lachikasu, kukoma kwake ndikosangalatsa. Zosiyanazo ndizovuta nthawi yozizira komanso zosagwira chilala. Ndikamazizira kwambiri nthawi yozizira imatha kuvutika, koma imatha kuchira msanga. Chikhalidwe cha fungal matenda ndi avareji.
Mtengowo umayamba kubala zipatso zaka 3-4, umafika pachimake ndi zaka 9-12.
Mtundu umodzi wokha wosabereka, mtengo umodzi ungathe kubala zipatso zochepa. Chifukwa chake, pamafunika kubzala m'magulu awiri kuti mungu ukhale wabwino. M'madera otentha, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale osati chitumbuwa, koma zipatso zamtengo wapatali.
Shpanka Donetsk ali ndi zipatso zazikulu zofiira
Dzala shpanka
Zipatso zazing'ono zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri. Ndi wosakanizidwa wamatcheri ndi yamatcheri, chifukwa chake imakhala ndi kukoma kwamatcheri osakanikirana ndi mawonekedwe abwino amitundu yamatcheri. Zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika kuti ndizabwino komanso zolimba, sizigwirizana ndi nyengo yachisanu, matenda a fungal ndi tizirombo, motero zimakula bwino kumpoto chakumadzulo.
Kutalika kwakukulu kwa mtengo wachikulire kumakhala kochepa kufalikira - osapitirira 3 m
Kursk shpanka
Mitunduyi idasiyanitsidwa ndi obereketsa zaka 100 zapitazo. Ndipo mu 1938 adapatsidwa dzina losiyana Shpanka koyambirira, kapena Kurskaya, komwe adachokera, pofuna kupewa chisokonezo pagulu la mitundu, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Shpanka. Ambiri amasiyanabe ndi Spanka yayikulu kumwera. Koma awa ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana, yosiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Kursk shpanka sakhala wosakanizidwa ndi yamatcheri, koma yamatcheri oyera, ndi amtundu wa amorel, ndiye kuti, yamatcheri ofiira okhala ndi madzi osapaka utoto. Zosiyanasiyana zinali zofala kwambiri mdera la Kursk, zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri kumadera oyandikana nawo. M'madera akumpoto kwambiri, iwo sanakulire, mwina chifukwa cha Hardness yozizira kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale kum'mwera zigawo, chitumbuwa chimazizira kwambiri nyengo yotentha.
Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyambirira, zipatso zimacha pakati pa Juni. Mtengowu umafikira kutalika kwa mamilimita 4. Korona amakhala wamkulu ndikufalikira, ochepa, mphukira ndi wandiweyani, wamtundu wotuwa. Zotsatira zimatengera nyengo ya nyengo yamaluwa yamaluwa. Ngati impso sizizizira, mtengo umapatsa 30 kg zipatso. Ayamba kubala zipatso mchaka 4-5. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo wafika zaka 25, zokolola zapamwamba zimapezeka zaka 12-18.
Kufalikira kumalumikiza pambewu za wowawasa wazipatso. Izi zimawonjezera chisanu. Ngakhale ndizotheka kufalitsa ndi mizu. Pukutira, muyenera kuwoka mu gulu lomwe lili ndi mitundu yofanana kutalika - Vladimir, Kent ndi mitundu yamagulu a Griot.
Ndemanga
Ndili ndi "Shpanka" wakale wosiyanasiyana, wopezeka zigawo zonse za Ukraine. Ndimagula mbande za mitengo ya nazale ya Zaporizhzhya ndipo palibe mavuto apadera. Ku North-East ku Ukraine ndi madera ena sindingafulumizitse, koma ndikukulangizani kuti mutenge mbande zodyedwa m'zipatala zachigawo chanu.
Slavuta_m
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Ndikulima chitumbuwa chakale - Spanka, sichiri kudwala. Nthawi zambiri. Bulosi wokoma, wobiriwira wamdima wakucha pamaso pa Vladimir. Yamatcheri Oblique - munda wakale. Ndidapereka chakudya kwa mchimwene wanga m'chigawo cha Moscow (chigawo cha Istra), zonse zidayamba mizu.
Elen fionko
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Shpanka yamatcheri, omwe "mawonekedwe ake" sanatsatidwe, ndi chitsimikizo chodabwitsa kuti chilengedwe ndi luso la obereketsa. Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu, womwe umadziwika ndi zipatso zabwino za zipatso, zipatso zokhalitsa komanso chisamaliro chosachepera, wamaluwa akhala osangalala kukula kwazaka zopitilira 200. Oberetsa samasiya kuyesera "chilengedwe", kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano pamaziko a Spanki.
Andrey Kamenchanin
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Vidiyo: Kukula nkhonya
Mitundu yakale, yodalirika komanso yotsimikizika pazaka mazana ambiri, ikhoza kutayika mkati mwazinthu zambirimbiri zatsopano zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino - Kukula mwachangu, kubwerera mwachangu, ndikututa kochepa, kukula pang'ono, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake, pali chifukwa chopezera Shpanka "weniweni" m'minda yakale, kudziwa bwino chomwe ili, ndikuwusintha, ndikuusunga m'munda watsopano.
