Maluwa a maluwa apulo ndi zina mwazokongoletsa bwino kwambiri masika athu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi nthawi yamaluwa pomwe maziko adziko lamtsogolo la maapulo amaikidwa.
Mitengo ya maapozi imaphuka bwanji komanso nthawi
Mitengo ya Apple imaphukira kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse pokhapokha m'malo owala ndi dzuwa. M'mithunzi yowala, maluwa sangathenso kuchitika, kapena maluwa amodzi oyamba azikhala pafupi zaka 20 moyo wa mtengowo.
Mitengo ya Apple imaphukira pokhapokha m'malo abwino ndi dzuwa
Nthawi yodziwika bwino yoyambira maluwa ndi zipatso za mitengo ya maapulo pamalo abwino (patebulo)
| Mtundu wa mitengo | Zaka zapakati pa nthawi ya kuwonekera kwa maluwa oyamba |
| Maapulo atchire ndi mbande zamasamba | Zaka 10-15 |
| Zolima zolimba zolimbirana | Zaka 5-12 |
| Mitundu yolimbidwa pachomera chaching'ono | Wazaka 3-6 |
Mitengo ya Apple imakhala yolimba kwambiri ndipo nyengo yabwino imatha kutulutsa ndi kubereka zipatso kwa zaka zana limodzi kapena kupitilira apo.
Mtengo wa apulo umaphukira nthawi yomweyo masamba atatseguka kapena pambuyo pake. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha bud mpaka maluwa, nthawi zambiri zimatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri nyengo yotentha ndikupita mpaka milungu itatu kapena inayi kuzizira.
Nthawi ya kuphuka ndi kufalikira kwa mitengo ya maapulo m'malo osiyanasiyana amalimidwe (tebulo)
| Dera | Budding | Maluwa |
| Mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ku Caucasus, Crimea, kumwera kwa Ukraine | kumapeto kwa Marichi - kuyambira Epulo | lachiwiri - khumi lachitatu la Epulo |
| Saratov, Volgograd, likulu la Ukraine | lachiwiri - khumi lachitatu la Epulo | kumapeto kwa Epulo - kuyambira Meyi |
| Kumwera ndi kumadzulo pakati pakatikati pa Russia (Tula, Oryol, Bryansk), Chernozemye, Belarus, kumpoto kwa Ukraine | theka lachiwiri la Epulo | yoyamba - khumi yachiwiri ya Meyi |
| Malo oyambira pakati pa Russia (Moscow, Moscow dera, Nizhny Novgorod), Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Ufa, Orenburg | kumapeto kwa Epulo - kuyambira Meyi | wachiwiri - zaka khumi Meyi |
| Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia (St. Petersburg, Leningrad Region, Karelia), Kirov Region, Middle Urals (Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk), Novosibirsk | theka loyamba la | kumapeto kwa Meyi - kuyambira Juni |
Nthawi yakumayambiriro kwamaluwa imadalira kwambiri nyengo:
- mu mzindawu, mitengo ya maapozi imaphukira kale kuposa kunja kwa mzindawo;
- pachidikha kale kuposa kumtunda.
- pamalo otsetsereka kumwera koyambirira kuposa kumpoto;
- m'malo otentha kale kuposa kumetera.
Nthawi yayitali maluwa ngati mtengo wa maapulo ndi pafupifupi masiku 10. Mu nyengo yotentha yotentha, maluwa amayambira kale ndipo amatenga masiku 5-6 okha. Nyengo yamvula yabwino, maluwa amasachedwa ndipo amatha kutalika kwa masabata awiri.
Mitengo yaing'ono ya zipatso za maapozi (ranetki, Chinese), yogwirizana ndi mtengo wa apulosi waku Siberian (Siberian), imakonda kuphuka masiku angapo m'mbuyomu kuposa mitundu yayikulu yazipatso zazikulu ku Europe.
Mtengo wa apulo waku Siberiya ndi mbadwa zake (ma ranets, Chinese) amadziwika mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba azikhalidwe
Tili ndi Middle Volga maluwa otayika ali motere:
- Zaka khumi zoyambirira za Meyi - zazing'ono-zipatso (zakutchire kapena theka-zakutchire, zokhala ndi maulendo ataliatali, zidzukulu zoonekera za Siberian) mitengo ya maapulo m'misewu yamzinda.
- Zaka khumi zachiwiri za Meyi - mitengo wamba ya apulo yomwe ili mumzinda, runetki ndi azimayi achi China m'minda yamtchire, mitengo yazipatso yamtchire pamalo otsetsereka kum'mphepete mwa gombe lalitali la Volga.
- Zaka khumi ndi zitatu za Meyi - kuchuluka kwa mitengo yolima maapulo m'minda yamtchire, mitengo ya maapozi yakutchire m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, mbande zosakhalapo mumthunzi wakutali kwa mabwalo amzindawu.
Zojambula za mitengo ya maapulo
- Mitundu yambiri ya apulo imakhala ndi maluwa a pinki ndi maluwa oyera oyera
- Mitundu ina ya mitengo ya maapulo imakhala ndi maluwa oyera oyera
- Amayi achi China, ma raneti ndi ma Siberia amakhala ndi maluwa oyera pamiyala yayitali kwambiri
- Mitundu ya apulo yokongoletsera nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi maluwa owala a pinki.
- Mtengo wa apulo wa Nedzvetsky - kholo la mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi maluwa ofiira komanso ofiira a pinki
- Osapeza kawirikawiri zokongoletsera zamitengo yamapulosi omwe ali ndi maluwa awiri
Mitengo yambiri yamitengo ya apulo imakhala ndi maluwa apinki ndi maluwa oyera (pinki mkati mwazithunzithunzi ndikuwonekera kunja). Pali mitundu yokhala ndi maluwa oyera oyera. Maulendo apamtunda angapo, achi China komanso Siberia amadziwika ndi mayendedwe ake atali; Duwa lamapulogalamu apulogalamu yapamwamba ili ndi miyala 5; mitundu yokongoletsera yomwe ili ndi maluwa owerengeka ndiyosowa m'maiko athu, ngakhale imakonda ku China.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yokongoletsera ya mitengo ya maapulo yokhala ndi pinki yowala kapena maluwa ofiira, ochokera ku mtengo wapakati wa ku Asia ku Nedzvetsky, adakhala yapamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maluwa ofiira, osati maluwa okha, komanso masamba achichepere. Mitundu ina yamakono yamtunduwu imakhala yozizira kwambiri ndipo imatha kukula mu Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg komanso madera ena nyengo.
Mitengo yokongola ya maapulo yokhala ndi maluwa owala a pinki nthawi zambiri imabzalidwe kukongoletsa mapaki amzindawo.
Mitengo yonse ya maapulo yokongoletsera (yomwe ili ndi maluwa ofiira, terry, kulira, ndi zina) imakhala ndi zipatso zodyedwa, koma maapulo awo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa, wowawasa komanso tart, ngati nyama zakutchire, ndipo ndi oyenera kokha kukonzanso ndi kulotsa.
Zipatso za mitengo ya maapulo yokongoletsera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono, zowawasa komanso zowuma.
Pafupipafupi mitengo yamitengo ya apulo
Mitundu ina yakale ya mitengo ya maapozi imaphuka ndi kubereka zipatso chaka chimodzi:
- chaka choyamba, maluwa ambiri ndi kubereka;
- Chaka chamawa mitengo imapuma - popanda maluwa, popanda zipatso;
- M'chaka chachitatu, maluwa ambiri ndi zipatso zokolola zambiri.
Mitundu yambiri yamakono imaphuka ndi kubereka zipatso chaka chilichonse.
Mitundu yambiri yakale (mwachitsanzo, Antonovka, Streifling, Anis) imakhala yodziwika pang'ono: maluwa amatuluka chaka chilichonse, koma kuchuluka kwa maluwa kumakhala kwakukulu kapena kochepera, kutengera chaka. Gwirizanani ndi zipatso za mitunduyo mosamala:
- kudulira kwa ukalamba pa nthawi yake, kupereka kukula kwamphamvu kwa nthambi za pachaka;
- kugwiritsa ntchito pachaka feteleza wokwanira;
- Kusunga chinyezi chokwanira bwino (mtengo wa apulo ndiwokonda chinyontho, ndipo m'malo owuma pamafunika kuthirira).
Mu mitengo yaying'ono yokhala ndi zipatso nthawi ndi nthawi, nthawi zina imalangizidwanso kutenga mbali ya maluwa ndi mazira owonjezera kuti muchepetse katundu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti maluwa atha chaka chamawa.
Mitundu yocheperako pang'ono yokha ndimomwe imabereka zipatso patatha chaka, ndipo palibe chomwe chingachitike. Kwa zigawo zakumpoto komanso pakati, izi zimadziwika kwambiri ndi Grushovka; kum'mwera komwe kulima dimba, Kandil-synap amachita chimodzimodzi.
Grushovka Moscow - mtundu wakale wa apulosi waku Russia wokhala ndi zipatso mwadzidzidzi zomwe sizingakonzeke
M'munda mwanga muli ma Grushovki awiri akuluakulu (omwe kale amatchedwa "achikasu" ndi "ofiira", zipatso zawo zimasiyana pang'ono ndi mtundu wake ndi kukoma kwake). Nthawi ina, nthawi ya ubwana wanga, amabala zipatso limodzi (chaka chimodzi, zaka ziwiri), ndipo zinali zosavuta. Kenako, patatha zaka zingapo osachita bwino mzere (mwina chisanu, weevil, kapena china chake cholakwika), dongosolo lidasokera, ndipo onse Grushovka adayamba kuphuka ndikubereka zipatso nthawi yomweyo. Palibe chomwe chidachitika ndi izi. Ndipo kotero tikukhalamo: chaka chimodzi kwina kuchokera pomwe maapulo a chilimwe - chaka chachiwiri osati apulo limodzi mpaka Seputembala, pamene mitundu yophukira iyamba kucha.
Njira zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zimapangidwa ndi maluwa apulosi
Panthawi ya maluwa, zipatso za maapozi ndizovuta kwambiri. Ngati nyengo ndi yamvula, yozizira komanso yamvula, komanso yamphamvu yamphepo, njuchi zapakhomo sizimangouluka m'matumba awo, ndipo maluwa ambiri amakhala opanda fumbi. Nyengo zoipa, njuchi zokha ndi njuchi zakutchire zokha zimawuluka, motero ndikofunikira kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa mungu, chifukwa, choyambirira, khalani ndi chilengedwe pamalowo komanso osazunza mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Tizilombo ta mphalabungu ndi tizilombo tofunika kwambiri mungu wochokera kutchire komwe nthawi zambiri timayendera maluwa ngakhale nyengo yoipa.
Pa maluwa, chisanu chomwe chimawononga masamba, maluwa, ndi mazira achichepere ndizowopsa. Chitetezo chokha chodalirika ku chisanu chingaoneke ngati kungobisalamo mitengo yaying'ono yodzitchinjiriza kwa nthawi yochepetsera kutentha.
Kulemba pamabuku mpaka buku, malingaliro oteteza minda ku chisanu ndi milu ya utsi akuwoneka ngati wokayika kwambiri. Osachepera kwa ife ku Middle Volga kwathunthu mitundu yonse yozizira (kutsika kwakanthawi kochepa kutentha kwa mpweya usiku ndi m'mawa kwambiri) kumachitika mwapadera, nyengo yabwino, pamene utsi uliwonse umakwera mokhazikika ndi mzere wopapatiza. Ndipo utsi womwe umayambitsidwa ndi chimphepo champhamvu kwambiri cha ku Arctic, wowombedwa ndi mphepo yamphamvu yamphamvu, ndiye kuti palibe utsi ungapulumutse.
Mitengo ya zipatso ya Apple imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kachilomboka, komwe kamatha kuwononga pafupifupi masamba onse pamitengo ya apulo pazaka zake zambiri.
Maluwa weevil weevil ndi kuwonongeka kwa bud chifukwa chake (chithunzi chojambulira)
- Tizilombo ta maluwa tating'ono timene timayamwa popanda kuphuka
- Mphutsi za maluwa kachilomboka kuthengo mkati mwa masamba a mtengo
- Kufalikira kwamaluwa kumayikira mazira pa masamba a mtengo wa maapozi
Chifukwa chake, kuyambira nthawi yotsegulira masamba ndi maluwa asanayambike, wosamalira mundawo amayenera kuyang'anitsanso mitengo yomwe ili m'mundamo kuti adziwe momwe mavutowo adawonera ndikuchita zina. M'munda wocheperako, mutha kungofinya kachilomboka m'mamawa ozizira, akakhala kuti alibe ntchito, pa tarp yomwe ili pansi pa mitengo ndikuwononga. Minda ikuluikulu imalawa ndi mankhwala a pyrethroid posachedwa kuposa masiku 5 masamba asanatseguke. Maluwa atangotuluka maluwa, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kukonzekera kwa pyrethroid kumachitika kuti ateteze mbewuyi ku njenjete zopangidwa ndi mitengo komanso zipatso.
Njira zilizonse zamankhwala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji pakati pa maluwa ndizoletsedwa kwathunthu: mankhwala ophera tizirombo samapha tizirombo zokha, komanso tizilombo tothandiza, kuphatikizapo njuchi ndi ma bumblebe.
Nthawi yamaluwa ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri komanso lofunikira m'moyo wa zipatso za maapozi, likufuna chidwi kuchokera kwa wolima dimba. Mitengo idzathokoza mwini wakeyo ndi chidwi ndi zokolola zambiri za maapulo okoma.
