Mphesa za Century zosiyanasiyana - owona okonda zoumba

Kwa zaka zambiri, mphesa zakonda kwambiri komanso chidwi pakati pa anthu. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe angakhale opanda chidwi ndi zipatso zamatsenga izi. Kwa nthawi yayitali chikhalidwe ichi chakhala chikupezeka, anthu adagawa mitundu ndi mitundu yambiri. Mphesa zamphesa Century moyenerera amakhala m'malo olemekezeka pakati pawo chifukwa cha kukoma kosangalatsa ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa. Mukayang'ana mitsuko ya golide yakucha, yothiridwa ndi madzi opatsa moyo, mukumvetsetsa kuti palibe chifukwa choti mphesa zimatchedwa zipatso za dzuwa.

Mbiri ya kalasi

Mphesa za Century zidabwera kwa ife kuchokera kutali - kuchokera kunyanja. Dzinalo loyambirira ndi Centennial seedless, lomwe limamasulira kuchokera ku Chingerezi kuti "zaka zopanda mbewu." Timadziwanso zamtunduwu monga Centeniel sidlis. Century ndi m'gulu la zoumba zoumba zoumba.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zakwaniritsidwa muulimi waku California ku America ndichomwe apanga ndikupanga mitundu ya mphesa zatsopano. Mu 1966, ku station ya Davis ku California, chifukwa chodutsa mitundu iwiri, fomu yosakanizidwa inapezeka (GOLD x Q25-6 (Emperor x Pyrovan 75). Mu 1980, adalembedwa ngati mtundu watsopano.

Mphesa zamitundu ya Centennial zidatchuka mu CIS pazaka khumi zapitazi, koma munthawi yomwe zidakhalapo sizidapambana mayeso osiyanasiyana mdera la Russian Federation ndipo sizidalowe mu kaundula wazosankhidwa.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe

Kishmish Century wakula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chimakula ku Belarus ndi Moldova, chimadziwika ku Australia, South Africa, Chile, Argentina ndi mayiko ena aku America. Ku Russia, mitundu ya Century ikulimbikitsidwa kuti ikulidwe m'magawo akum'mwera ndi pakati. Kwa zigawo zakumpoto, ndizosavomerezeka, chifukwa sizimalimba kutentha pang'ono nthawi yozizira, ndipo nthawi yakula ilibe kutentha kokwanira kuti mbewu zikulire bwino.

Zaka zana - mphesa zopanda zipatso (zoumba), zakupsa msanga mwakukula, zipatso zimayimbidwa kwa masiku 120 mpaka 125 kuyambira chiyambi cha kukula. Kuchotsa kukhwima kumachitika pakati pa Ogasiti. Zipatso zamphesa zitha kudyedwa zatsopano ndikupanga zoumba.

Gome: Makhalidwe apadera a mitundu ya mphesa ku Century

Eni tchire amtunduwu wakula bwino, amafunika chithandizo chokhazikika. Mphesa zometsanitsidwa zokhala ndi tchire zokulira pakati, zimadziwika ndi mpesa wamphamvu wokhala ndi ma infode apakati, omwe amawapatsa kukhazikika. Ngakhale makulidwe ochulukirapo, mpesawo umapsa bwino ndipo umakhala woderako.

Zodulidwa ndi mbande zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka. Tchire limayamba kubala zipatso mchaka chachitatu kapena chachinayi mutabzala. Masango owoneka amawoneka kale mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo.

Kututa koyamba pachitsamba cha mphesa zaka zitatu zam'mphepete mwa Century

Masango ndi akulu ndi akulu kwambiri, olemera makilogalamu 0,4-1,5 (ena amafika ma kilogalamu awiri), amatha kukhala osalimba komanso olimba, osakhazikika. Kapangidwe kake ndi kotakata, kotakata, mapiko, ndi mapiko awiri kapena atatu. Zomwe zalengezedwazo zikuwonetsa kuti pofuna kupewa kukhetsa zipatso, mbewuyo iyenera kukololedwa pa nthawi, koma opanga vinyo ambiri amawona kuti masango amatha kukhala tchire mpaka chisanu osawavulaza.

Magulu a mphesa Century wamkulu ndi wamkulu kwambiri, mawonekedwe a conical, mapiko

Beri ndi wamkulu kwambiri, avareji ya magalamu 6-8. Kuti muwonjezere kukula, chepetsa zipatsozo masango ndikuchotsa magawo a masango patapita nthawi. Thupi lokhala ndi mkamwa pang'ono limasungunuka mkamwa. Khungu limakhala locheperako, pafupifupi silinamveke pakudya. Zomwe zili ndi shuga za 13% ndi acidity ya 6.0 g / l zimapereka kukoma kwa zipatso. Kapangidwe kake ndikotakataka, utoto ndi wachikasu wobiriwira ndi kukhwima. Ngati nthawi yakucha zipatsozi zimayatsidwa kuti zizilowera dzuwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti pali madontho ndi mawanga a bulauni, otchedwa "tan".

Chifukwa chodziwika nthawi yayitali dzuwa, malo owoneka ndi bulauni ndi mawanga pamizere

Mukachulukana, zipatsozo sizimasweka ndipo sizipunthwa. Gawo lina, mabulosi ake ndi abwino komanso osalala. Mitundu iyi ndi ya gulu loyamba (lalikulu kwambiri) la osabereka.

Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa zimbudzi (mbewu ya primordia) yomwe imapezeka mu zipatso za gulu louma, mitunduyi imagawidwa m'magulu anayi a kupanda kusowa kwa mbewu, pomwe kalasi yoyamba imakhala ndi kuzungulira kwathunthu kwa zoyambira, ndipo gulu lachinayi limatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa 14 mg.

Mu zipatso za mphesa za ku Century, mulibe zoyambirira

Zipatso za Century mphesa zimayenda bwino pokonza. Zouma kuchokera kwa iwo ndi zapamwamba kwambiri - zogwirizana, mawonekedwe abwino, mawonekedwe odabwitsa.

Zoumba kuchokera ku mphesa Zaka zana kwambiri

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi acidity, zipatsozo zimatha kukhala ndi kukoma - kosakhwima, kopanda shuga, komwe kumanunkhira bwino komanso kununkhira kwa nati. M'madera akumwera, zolemba za tiyi zimadziwika mu kukoma kwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyambira. Ngati masango atali tchire, ndiye kuti shuga akhoza kuchuluka, ndipo mankhwalawo amatha. Komanso, malinga ndi omwe amapanga vinyo, kupezeka kwa kununkhira kwa mafuta kumatha kuwoneka panthaka yopanda chonde (mchenga wofinya, loams) ndi zigawo zakumpoto zambiri.

Kanema: Kubwereza mphesa zaka zana

Zopatsa zoumba ndizapakati, koma zokhazikika. Duwa limakhala lodziwika bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mungu ukhale wopukutira bwino komanso kupangika kwa thumba losunga mazira. Kuti muwonjezere zokolola, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti musalole kunenepa kwa mpesa, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chadzaza chitsamba. The normalization wa inflorescences, monga lamulo, sagwiritsiridwa ntchito, popeza zipatso za mphukira sizokwera mokwanira. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa alimi a mpesa, mphesa zamphesa za ku Century, malinga ndi njira zoyenera zaulimi, zimatha kupanga zokolola zambiri.

Kukana kwazizira kwa -23 ° C kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kukula zamtunduwu kumpoto kwa kumpoto. M'madera ena, tchire liyenera kutetezedwa nthawi yozizira. Pali umboni kuti chisangalalo chobwerera m'mbuyo chitha kupha masamba omwe ayamba kuphuka.

Kukaniza matenda a fungal ndi pafupifupi, monga mitundu yonse yopanda mbeu yaku America. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina chithandizo chamankhwala atatu sichokwanira ndipo pakufunika kupopera kowonjezera ndi fungicides. Chofunika kwambiri ndi bowa Botryodiplodia theobromae.

Mavu ndi mbalame sizimawononga zipatso. Kukhazikika kwa zitsamba za mizu kupita ku phylloxera, komwe kumakhudza mitundu yaku America yokha yomwe imapezedwa ndikuwoloka, ndipo sikukhudza zikhalidwe za ku Europe, zimadziwika. Inoculation ya raptor agaris Century pa phylloxera zosagwira m'matumbo akulimbikitsidwa. Zosiyanasiyana sizigwirizana ndi tizirombo tina.

Kuthekera kwa zoumba M'zaka za zana sizitali kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwanuko. Ndikusungidwa kwanthaŵi yayitali, zipatsozo zimataya mawonekedwe awo chifukwa chogwira tint yofiirira, koma kakomedwe kawo sikakuwonongeka. Zosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi alimi, ndizoyenera kugulitsa pamsika pomwe zikufunika kwambiri.

Ubwino ndi zoyipa

Ngati tilingalira zazikulu ndi zomwe zipatso za mphesa za Centennial, titha kusiyanitsa zabwino zotsatirazi:

• kupsa koyambirira;
• zokolola zokhazikika;
• masango akulu;
• kusowa kwa msambo;
• zipatso zazikulu (zamitundu yopanda mbewu);
• kukoma koyenera;
• kusowa kwathunthu kwa zipatso mu zipatso (gulu loyamba la kupanda mbewu);
• zipatso sizikusweka;
• palibe chifukwa chosinthira mbewuyo ndi inflorescence:
• maburashi amatha kupachika tchire kupita ku chisanu;
• kuchokera ku zipatso mumatha kupanga zoumba zapamwamba kwambiri;
• osati yowonongeka ndi mavu ndi mbalame;
• kukhazikika kwamizere yodulidwa ndi kupulumuka kwa mbande;
• kufulumira kwa zipatso;
• mpesa wamphamvu wazomera zometedwa umatha kukhalabe wowongoka.

Mitundu iyi ilinso ndi zoyipa:

• zokolola zambiri mosakwanira (ndikofunikira kuyambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola);
• kusowa kwambiri kwa chisanu (kumafunikira pogona);
• kukana sing'anga fungal matenda;
• kusakhazikika kwa mizu zomera phylloxera;
• mawonekedwe a bulauni mawanga pa zipatso chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa;
• wokhala ndi mitulo yayitali kuthengo, ulangizi watayika;
• osati kunyamula zokwanira.

Zambiri zaukadaulo waulimi

Muzogula zomwe mumagula, zoumba Zazaka Centennial zimangokhala ndi zabwino, koma mukakulitsa mutha kukumana ndi zovuta zina. Kuti muthe kukolola bwino, muyenera kungoganizira zina mwazinthu zamtunduwu.

Tikufika

Kubzala mphesa Century ndikotheka mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira. Tsambalo limasankhidwa ndi kuyatsa kwabwino komanso kupezeka kwaulere kwaulere. Simungathe kubzala mphesa kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa malo, chifukwa pali chiwopsezo cha kuzizira kwa mpesa mu ozizira kwambiri. Ngati chitsamba chakonzedwa kuti chibzalidwe pafupi ndi khoma la nyumba iliyonse, ndiye kuti ili ndi mbali ya dzuwa. Ndikofunikanso kuti malo omwe amafikira samadzaza madzi osungunuka komanso pansi.

Kukula kwa maenje obwera kumatengera nthaka yabwino. Ngati dothi ndi lolemera, ndiye kuti maenje amapangidwa akuya masentimita 80 ndi kukula kwa masentimita 60x80. Pamadothi opepuka, akuya masentimita 60 ndi kukula kwa masentimita 40x40 okwanira. Denga lokwanira liziikidwa pansi pa dzenjelo. Kenako dothi lachonde limasakanikirana ndi humus kapena kompositi. Amathandizanso kuwonjezera phulusa la nkhuni ndi feteleza wa superphosphate.

Ngati mphesa zibzalidwe mu kugwa, ndiye kuti ndowa ziwiri za madzi zimathiridwa mu maenje obzala ndikudikirira mukamayamwa. Kenako mizu ya mmera imatetezedwa, utanyowa mu "wokamba" wa dongo, ndikuyika pansi, ndikuwaza pansi ndi theka ndikutsanulira zidebe ziwiri za madzi. Pakubzala masika, madzi wamba, omwe amawatsanulira pansi pa dzenjelo, amasinthidwa ndi madzi otentha kuti atenthe nthaka, ndipo madzi ofunda amathiridwa mu dzenje lodzaza ndi theka. Pambuyo pake, dzazani dzenjelo ndi dothi, muimaze ndi kupanga dzenje pafupi.

Kuthirira

Mukukula, mphesa zimafunika kuthiriridwa kamodzi pakatha masabata awiri. Chinyezi chomera chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri pa budding, pambuyo maluwa komanso nthawi ya kukula ndikudzaza zipatso. Pa maluwa, mphesa sizithiriridwa madzi, chifukwa izi zimabweretsa kukhetsa kwa mapesi a maluwa.

Mphesa zimathiriridwa mwanjira iliyonse yomwe imapereka chinyezi mwachindunji kuzika mizu, popanda kulowa pa tsinde ndi masamba. Mitundu iwiri yothirira ndikulimbikitsidwa - pansi (kukapumira kapena m'nkhokwe pansi pa matchire) ndi mobisa (pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zothirira). Kuthirira (kuchokera pa bomba pamatchi) sikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kumbukiridwe kuti Century yamphesa bwino imalekerera kusowa chinyezi kuposa kuchuluka kwake. Chinyezi chachikulu chimatha kuyambitsa chitukuko cha matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Kuthirira kwambiri kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto ndi kucha kwa mipesa. Pankhaniyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisalole kuthirira kwamadzi, komanso kudyetsa mbewuzo ndi kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa.

Mavalidwe apamwamba

Feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa mphesa. Mitundu ya Century ilinso chimodzimodzi. Feteleza za organic (humus, manyowa, kompositi) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzinja kamodzi pakatha zaka 2-3. Kuchokera feteleza wachilengedwe, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa phosphoric ndi nayitrogeni mu kasupe, ndi potashi mu yophukira. Mutha kupanga phulusa la nkhuni, lomwe lili ndi potaziyamu yambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito gibberellin kuwonjezera zokolola ndi kukula kwa zipatso zouma akatswiri azaka za Century osavomerezeka. Amakhulupirira kuti izi zimapangitsa kubzala zipatso zosachepera komanso kuchepa kwa zipatso mphukira za chaka chamawa.

Gibberellin ndi chothandizira chowonjezera kutengera phytohormones. Gulu lodziwika la gulu lalikulu la owongolera kukula.

Komabe, pali ndemanga za omwe amapanga vinyo yemwe samatsimikizira izi. Amazindikira zabwino za mankhwalawa pakukula kukula kwa zipatso mutathiridwa mankhwala kawiri (asanakhale ndi maluwa).

Kuumba ndi kudula

Eni tchire zamphesa za Centennial zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu yakukula, chifukwa chake, amafunikira thandizo lamphamvu. Ndikwabwino kupanga zitsamba zokulira zolimba mosakhala wopanda fanizo, wopanda mapulani ndi kuchuluka kwa malaya kuyambira anayi mpaka eyiti. Izi ziwapatsa kuwunikira komanso mpweya wabwino, komanso kutsogolera njira yobisalira malaya nthawi yachisanu. Trellis imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira. Amatha kukhala ndege limodzi komanso ndege ziwiri. Ngati chitsamba chili ndi mikono inayi, ndiye kuti trellis imodzi yokhala ndi ndege imodzi idzakwanira, pakakhala malaya asanu ndi limodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu, ndibwino kukhazikitsa ndege ziwiri.

Tchire pamtengowo timakhala ngati mphukira zazifupi, kotero ndife okhazikika ndipo, monga lamulo, safuna kuthandizidwa.

Kuti muwonjezere zokolola zamtunduwu, kudulira kwa mphukira kwakulimbikitsidwa, popeza m'munsi mwa iwo zipatso zimachepa. Komabe, alimi ena adalandira zokolola zambiri pakudulira maso a 6-8. Ma inflorescence nthawi zambiri samasanjidwa chifukwa cha zipatso zochepa za mphukira.

Osathamangira kuti muthe masamba, chifukwa chifukwa chotenthetsa padzuwa mwachindunji zipatso zimataya mawonekedwe. Ngati, ngakhale zili choncho, zipatsozo zimavutika ndi dzuwa lokwanira, ndikofunikira kuziwombera ndi maukonde.

Matenda ndi Tizilombo

Kishmish Century siogwirizana mokwanira ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, chifukwa chake, kawiri kapena katatu chithandizo chokhala ndi fungicides nthawi yakula sichingakhale chokwanira. Zomera zingafune chithandizo chowonjezera. Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala pachiwopsezo chofewa, zomwe zimakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi oidium. Amalimbana ndi imvi zowola. Alimi a mphesa amazindikira kuti izi sizosiyanasiyana zomwe zinganyalanyazidwe mutakula.

Mwa tizirombo, chidwi chachikulu chimawonetsedwa kwa tsamba phylloxera. Mtundu wa aphid umatha kuwononga kwambiri mphesa. Tsoka ilo, palibe njira yabwino yolimbana ndi tiziromboti. Ma nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhala ndi njira yovuta kwambiri yosinthira, pomwe mitundu yake imapangidwa, ikukhudza mizu, mpesa ndi masamba.

Zithunzi zojambulidwa: mizu yomwe idakhudzidwa ndi phylloxera, mpesa ndi masamba

Kulimbana ndi phylloxera ndikovuta kwambiri. Ngati matenda a aphid adachitika kale, ndiye kuti zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimawonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito kaboni disulfide, yomwe imadziwika ndi kusasunthika komanso kuwonongeka. Zimakhudza osati phylloxera zokha, komanso zimapha zitsamba za mphesa.

Phyloxera ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi.

SH.G. TOPOPALE, K.Ya.DADU

Winemaking and Viticulture, 5, 2007

Kwa prophylaxis motsutsana ndi mazira achisanu, amathandizidwa ndi emulsion ya 5-6% ya carbolineum. Chapakatikati, motsutsana ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba, phylloxera ikhoza kuthiridwa ndi mafuta emulsions ndi lindane. Emulsions izi sizivulaza tchire, mipesa, zitsamba ndi masamba, koma sizikutsimikizira kuteteza kwathunthu kuzirombo.

Popewa kuti aphid yoyipayi asagonjetse mundawo, akatswiri amalangizanso kubzala mitengo ya mphesa ya Centennial, monga mitundu ina yopanda mbeu ya ku America, pamatangadza osagwirizana ndi phyloxera. Njira yothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera phylloxera ndikumalumikiza maula a mphesa pa chitsa cha phylloxera.

Zina tizirombo ta mphesa mu mphesa Century siinazindikire hypersensitivity.

Mphesa ku Centenary adayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa olemba olembedwa pa tsambalo la tsambalo //vinograd.info/, odziwika bwino pakati pa alimi avinyo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusiyanasiyana kuyenera kuonedwa, ngakhale pali zophophonya zina. Zomwe zikuchitika zikuwonetsa kuti, kutsatira malingaliro ena, zolakwitsa izi zitha kuthana ndi vuto lathu, chifukwa chake, zipatso zambiri zoumba bwino zitha kupezeka.

Ndemanga

Chitsamba chomwe chimabala zipatso chaka chachiwiri. Ndizotheka kudziwa mawonekedwe a mitundu: 1. Kukula kwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, Red Inthusi kapena Augustine (mwachitsanzo) sanayime pafupi. 2. Masango akuluakulu: pafupifupi 1.5-2,5 kg. Pa chimodzi mwazizindikiro chala chakumanja kumanzere masango awiri kuti ayesere - chimakoka mwachizolowezi. 3. Zipatso zimakhala zopanda, nandolo palibe. 4. Masango ndi owonda kwambiri, koma osatsutsa. Komabe, chomwe chimakhala chododometsa: 5. Chaka chatha, ngakhale katundu wachilengedwe anali wocheperako, nutmeg sanadikire. Chaka chino zipatso zimayang'ana ndikumva kukoma pafupifupi kucha. Komabe, palibe muscat (ndikuchenjeza ndemanga yotheka: palibe zochulukitsa za mbewu). Mpaka nditaya chiyembekezo, ndimadikirira. 6. Ngakhale pali dongosolo loyenera la akatswiri, awa ndi amodzi mwa mitundu (mitundu) yomwe idadabwitsika zipatso zosapsa kapena pafupi kucha masabata apitawa (ndipo izi zilibe mvula). Ndimachotsa zowola, ndinachita, kukwaniritsa cholinga chanu. 7. Poyerekeza ndi zaukadaulo m'miyezi iwiri yoyambirira ya chilimwe, masamba adakhudzidwa ndi anthracnose ndi mphutsi, momveka bwino kuposa momwe amapangira munda wamphesa. Zipatsozo, komabe, ndizoyera kotheratu.

Vladimir Poskonin

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Chaka chino, tchire linali kuphuka pa chernozem, panali mulcat wapakatikati, wosavomerezeka, abambo anga anali ndi muscat pamchenga wamchenga, koma anali ofooka kwambiri, koma chaka chatha sichinali, mwina kutentha kwachaka chathachi. Ndi "tan" - osati kwenikweni ... Izi mwina ndizofunikira kwambiri pazobzala zamakampani. Chaka chino, zipatso zosatetezedwa kuchokera ku dzuwa mwachindunji zidakutidwa ndi "msika" wosagulitsa (chithunzi kupita ku yunivesite). Ndikofunika kuti musavutitse mabulosi pachitsamba kapena kuyika mthunzi, mwachitsanzo ndi zoyera bwino, chabwino, kapena monga Stranishevskaya adati - ndikoyenera kusunga chisoti chaku chisamba! Kupanda kutero, shuga mu mabulosi akukula, ndipo mtengo wake ukugwa.

Sergey Gagin

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Mwa zingwe zanga zomwe zikupezeka pakadali pano, ndizabwino kwambiri. M'mawonekedwe, kulawa, kugulitsa malonda - kuchokera pampikisano. Cons - Ndikufuna kukhazikika kwambiri (ndili ndi ma oidium okwanira) ndipo ndi mipesa yakucha, zonse sizabwino, ngakhale komwe oidium sanayende. Sindikufunanso kuyambiranso kwa mphindi zochepa, chifukwa pali ma pluse ochulukirapo. Ndimakonda kukoma kwake, chaka chino kwa nthawi yoyamba panali natimeg - yofewa, yofewa, monga momwe ndimakondera (ngakhale mu October ndidamva). Maonekedwe popanda ndemanga- ГК, РРР sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma chifukwa chiyani zikufunika pano. Kugulitsa ngati makeke otentha (ikani mtengo wokwanira kuti mutsike - sizinayende bwino). Chifukwa chake onjezani ndi kuvomereza.

Anatoly S.

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Senteel sidlis ili ndi mipesa yonenepa kwambiri, ndiye kuti si nthawi zonse mipesa yayikulu iyenera kusiyidwa kuti ipange zipatso, koma ndibwino kusamutsa mipesa yotsiriza ya mbewuyo. M'mikhalidwe yanga, imakoka ndikudzaza ndi kupsa kwathunthu kwa mpesa ndi kucha kwa mabulosi pakati pa Ogasiti. M'mipesa yonenepa, ndikudulira kwakanthawi, mabatani samabzalidwe nthawi zonse, ndipo ngati abzulidwa, amapitiliza kunenepa m'mipesa, koma osati nthambi. Iyenera kukhala yolemedwa kwathunthu, giredi ndi yolimbikira.

Irich I.V.

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Ndikufuna kunena mwachidule pang'ono zomwe zinanenedwa ndikuwona kale. Zoyipa zazikulu zamitundu iyi ndi (pakuchepa kwa kufunika): 1) chizolowezi chofuna kukhudzidwa ndi kuyabwa, chifukwa chomwe kukula kwa mphukira kumachedwa kwambiri zaka zina (chaka chino ndinali ndi chithunzi chotere - onani chithunzi); 2) kukana kochepa ku matenda a fungal; 3) osadziwika (malinga ndi mamembala ambiri pagululi ndi ogula) owotcha mawanga chifukwa cha kuwotcha kwa dzuwa; 4) kukana kuzizira kwambiri. Ndikukhulupirira kuti zoperewera izi zidakwiririka ndi mawonekedwe abwino: kukoma kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a zipatso ndi ma bullets, kukana kwa zipatsozo kusweka, mitundu yambiri yamatekinoloje (Ndikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la I. A. Karpova). Kwa zomwe zili pamwambazi, ndikuwonjezera mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri a tsamba, pagon, gulu, chitsamba chonse chomwe chili pansi pa katundu ndipo mulibe. Ukadaulo wapamwamba waulimi ndiwo chinsinsi cha mitundu iyi.

Andriy Brisovich

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Ksh century. anabzala mu 2012, idakula bwino, koma idapsa kwambiri ndipo mu 2013 idasiyitsa masamba ochepa pomwe ma sign angapo adamangidwa, idasiya zonse bwino komanso zabwino, chifukwa ngakhale ndi katundu chitsamba chidawonetsa mphamvu yayikulu. Anathamangitsa mipesa yayitali komanso yayikulu kwambiri, pomwe ma subsode omwe ali pa mphukira zazikulu amakhalabe amodzimodzi mu chithunzi (masentimita angapo), omwe, monga ndikumvera, ndi chikhalidwe osati cha "America" ​​uyu. Koma zowonadi chinthu chachikulu mu Century sichiri ichi, koma mabulosi: kusakhalapo kwa zoyambira, kukula, mawonekedwe, mtundu ndi kakomedwe, amakondedwa kwambiri. Masango anali ochepa, koma awa akungoonetsa. Chaka chino mpesa unakhazikika bwino, ngakhale osati momwe ndimafunira, komabe kumapeto, ndikhulupilira sipadzakhala mavuto. Mukukhazikika, inde, osati ngwazi, ndi chithandizo cha 3 panali zironda, koma inali nyengo yanji. Ndikukonzekera kukonzanso baka zingapo.

Anatoly S.

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Chimodzi mwazabwino zoumba. Zipatso mwa ife kwa zaka 4. Ipitilira pofika Ogasiti 15 mpaka 20. Khola lolimba, lamphamvu. Masamba okongola olemera 6-8 g, pokonza HA 9-11, wandiweyani, wowonda, wowoneka bwino, mafuta a mafuta kuoneka sapezeka pachaka chilichonse .. Pa dothi lamchenga (ndinayesa ndi abwenzi, chitsamba kuchokera kudadulidwa kwathu) makulidwe ndi osiyana pang'ono, mnofu ndi wandiweyani sanakhalepo madzi. Pamafunika 3, mankhwalawa a 4 chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku chowawa, kuchokera ku oidium nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa nthawi 1, ndipo chaka chino m'modzi wa tchire linagwidwa, limafunikira 2 chithandizo, zotupa za serous. kunalibe zowola. Amakhala ozizira! osataya kukoma ndi kawonedwe kochepa ndi mavu

Eliseevs

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Posachedwa, pali chidwi chomakula cha mphesa zopanda mbewu. Ambiri amafuna akukulitse mdera lawo. Mphesa Zamphesa - mtundu wopatsa chidwi, womwe umatha kutchedwa wopanda ulemu, komanso sugwira ntchito makamaka kwa capricious. Izi ndi pulasitiki yoyenera komanso yogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamakina alimi osiyanasiyana. Popeza zonse zomwe zimapezeka, zimakolola bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, tidzafunika kuchita zowonjezera, koma tchire litakutidwa ndi zipatso zowoneka bwino ndipo zipatsozo zikathiridwa ndi madzi osapsa, zikuwonekeratu kuti ntchitoyi sinawonongeke pachabe.