Mphesa - iyi ndi imodzi mwazomera zoyamba zomwe anthu adayamba kubzala kalekale nthawi yathu isanakwane. Masiku ano, pafupifupi mitundu 600 ya mabulosi amtunduwu amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa zoposa 8,000 idadulidwa ndi obereketsa, imodzi mwa iyo ndi Tukay.
Nkhani ya mphesa za Tukay
Pa Don land, mumzinda wa Novocherkassk pali All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture ndi Winemaking otchedwa Ya. I. Potapenko, yemwe adayambitsa mbiri yake zaka zam'mbuyomo m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndikuyesa koyambirira kwasayansi kwa wasayansi N. I Vavilov. Ndi pa maziko ano omwe obereketsa amagwira ntchito popanga mitundu yatsopano ya mphesa yomwe ingalimbane ndi matenda komanso osawopa chisanu, koma nthawi imodzimodziyo imabweretsa zipatso zokoma ndi zokoma. Zotsatira zakudutsa mitundu yapakati ya Asia Asia Yakdona (ma syonms a Yakdon oyera, Egdona Turkmen, Ak yakdona) ndi mitundu yakale ya ku Hungary Zhemchug Saba, mtundu watsopano wapamwamba wamtundu wa Tember unapezeka. Ili m'gulu la mitundu ya Euro-Asia.
Mitundu ya mphesa ya Tukai idawerengedwa ku All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture ndi Winemaking dzina lake Y. I. Potapenko
Kufotokozera zamitundu mitundu ya Tukay
Tukay adatenga zabwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa "makolo" ake: nthawi yayifupi yakucha ya mitundu ya Yakdon komanso kukana chisanu kwa mitundu ya Zhemchug Saba. Tchire la mphesa izi ndi lamphamvu, kuchuluka kwa zipatso kumacha pa mpesa umodzi. Mbande mwachangu bwino mizu. Maluwa a Tukai ndi apawiri, kotero njira yopukutira mungu imachitika popanda mavuto (ikhoza kuphwanyidwa pokhapokha mvula ikathirira mosasinthika nthawi yamaluwa, koma izi ndizotheka kongoganiza). Masamba a sing'anga kukula, obiriwira opepuka, osiyanitsidwa pang'ono.
Zipatso za Tukay zimalemera 2-4 g, ndipo kuchokera ku chitsamba chimodzi mutha kukolola mpaka 20 kg
Masango ndi akulu, nthambi, cylindrical-conical. Kuchulukana kwa manja ndi kwapakatikati. Kulemera kwa burashi, pafupifupi, ndi magalamu 700-800, koma amatha kufikira kilogalamu! Zipatsozo ndizazungulira, zowonda, zolemera 2-4 magalamu, monga lamulo, sizipuntha. Utoto wa zipatsozo, kutengera kuwala kwa dzuwa, umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi kubiriwira komanso kuyera kwamtambo ndi amber, wokhala ndi "tan" pang'ono. Zamkati ndi yowutsa mudyo, okoma, wokhala ndi acidity ndi fungo la nati. Zabwino za shuga za 17-19%. Khungu limakhala lonenepa, koma osati wowuma. Tukai ndiololera kwambiri. Mukasamalira bwino komanso kudulira koyenera pachitsamba chimodzi, mutha kuchotsa ma kilogalamu 16-20 a zipatso.
Zomera
Mitundu ya mphesa ya Tukay ndi yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa masamba a zipatso. Nyengo yokukula kumadera akumwera kwa dziko lathu ndi masiku 90-100. Koma imakulanso bwino mu msewu wapakati, ku Urals, ndi nkhalango zotsikira ku Siberia, makamaka, mu Altai Territory. Pamenepo mpesa udzacha pang'ono, masiku pafupifupi 130. Kusagwa mvula mwachangu kwa zinthu zamtunduwu kumalola kuti isaphimbire zingwe zam'nyengo yozizira kum'mwera komwe kukula, chifukwa masamba amatsika kutentha kwa -25 ° C. M'madera omwe ali ndi zipatso zambiri zowundana, mphesa zimayenera kukonzekereratu nthawi yachisanu. Mwa izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida wamba: filimu ya pulasitiki, kuyimitsa padenga, nsalu, nthambi za spruce, makatoni, ndi zina zambiri.
Ngakhale Tukay amatha kulimbana ndi chisanu cha -25 ° C, kumpoto kuyenera kuphimbidwa ndi filimu yachisanu
Kucha koyambirira kumakupatsani mwayi woti mukwaniritse zokolola mu Ogasiti, komanso kumadera akumwera ngakhale kumapeto kwa Julayi. Komanso, ngati sizingatheke kukolola mutangochacha, mutha kuchita pambuyo pake. Zipatso zimatha kusungidwa nthawi yayitali pachitsamba popanda kupunthika komanso popanda kutaya kukoma kwawo ndi mawonekedwe ake. Tukai ili ndi mayendedwe abwino, siwonongeka akamayenda mtunda wautali. Imasungidwa bwino kwambiri mpaka masika, pokhapokha, pokhapokha malo osungirako bwino atapangidwa. Sungani mphesa m'chipinda chouma ndi kutentha kwa 1-8 ° C.
Ngakhale Tukay amakula bwino ndikubala zipatso kumadera ozizira ndi nyengo yozizira, amakonda nyengo yotentha, koma osati yotentha kwambiri. Mphepo ikayamba kutentha kuposa 35 ° C, kukula ndi zipatso za chitsamba zimatha kutha.
Mawonekedwe obzala ndi kukula
Ngakhale mphesa zosakanizidwa zili ndi mitundu yayitali bwanji, sizingatheke kukolola popanda kutsatira njira zonse za agrotechnical. Ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito molimbika ndikupereka chisamaliro choyenera kwa mbewuyi nyengo yonseyo.
Tikufika
Monga mphesa zilizonse, Tukai amakonda kukulira m'malo okhala ndi magetsi okwanira. Ndibwino kuti mukubzale kumphepete chakumwera kwa nyumba kapena mpanda. Kuphatikizika kwa dothi, kusiyanasiyana sikofunika kwambiri. Ngati palibe chernozem, dothi loamy ndi loamy adzachita. Madambo amchere ndikunyowa kwambiri, malo onyowa samuyenera. Mizu ya mphesa imapita kuzama zazikulu, kotero kupezeka kwamadzi pang'onopang'ono kuwononga mbewuyo.
Pansi pa dzenje pobzala mphesa ziyenera kuyalidwa
Zidula zimaphikidwa m'madzi masiku angapo kuti tifulumizitse mapangidwe a mizu. Mukabzala, zadula ziyenera kuyikidwa m'ming'oma yopanda manyowa pafupifupi masentimita 50. Izi zimathandizira kukulitsa mizu, kutsogoza kusungira tchire nthawi yozizira, komanso njira yosungira chipale chofewa, yofunika kwambiri kupewa kuzizira kwa mphesa. Drainage miyala, miyala youma ndi ndodo zimayikidwa pansi pa ngalande, kenako imakutidwa ndi nthaka yosakanizika ndi mchenga komanso michere yovuta ya michere. Zodulidwa zodulidwa ziyenera kuthiriridwa mokwanira ndi kuwumbika.
Kudulira
Popeza tchire zamtundu wa Tukay zikukula kwambiri, ndipo timagulu tambiri timamangirizika, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti mphukira sizimadzaza kwambiri. Kupanda kutero, zipatsozo zimakula pang'ono komanso zopanda chiyembekezo. Chapakatikati, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokukula, mphukira zofooka zimachotsedwa, ndipo masamba owonjezerawo amapanikizika. M'pofunika kusiya masamba 40-45 okhala ndi chitsamba, ndi kuwombera - maso 6-7. Mphukira zakutali zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa ndi zobiriwira zodula. Mphukira kumanzere umangirizidwa ndi trellises.
M'madera ozizira, kudulira mphesa kumachitika bwino kwambiri nthawi yokolola ikatha.
Ngati chiwopsezo cha masika a masika chikatsalira, muyenera kusiya zida zophimba tchire kwakanthawi. M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudula mphukira mchaka chifukwa choopsa kusangalatsa nthawi yoyambira kuyamwa. Chifukwa chake, kudulira kumachitika bwino kwambiri nthawi yamakolo, mutakolola ndi kugwa masamba, pomwe mizu ikukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Dziwani kuti kukula kwa mphesa, maso ochepa kuyenera kutsalira pachitsamba.
Kuthirira
Kutsirira kuyenera kuchitika kangapo pamnyengo, molondola potengera nyengo. Kuthilira kwa kasupe ndi yophukira kumatchedwa recharge chinyezi. Cholinga chawo ndikudzaza dziko lapansi mwakuya momwe mungathere, chifukwa mizu ya mphesa imakhala yakuzama kwambiri. Komabe, ngati chipale chofewa chikakhala chadzaza kale nthaka, simuyenera kuthirira madzi ambiri. Kuthilira nthawi yopumira poyembekezera kuti chisanu chizikhala chambiri, popeza nthaka youma imazizira mofulumira kuposa kunyowa.
Kutentha kwamadzi kumasankhidwa kutengera cholinga. Pakudzala kwa masika, kuthilira ndi madzi otentha kudzatentha dziko lapansi ndikuthandizira kukula kwa mpesa. Koma powopseza kuti mwazizira kwambiri, ndibwino kuthira madzi ozizira kuti achedwetse impso.
Panthawi yotseka mphesa, madzi amayenera kulowa dothi mozama momwe angathere
M'chilimwe, muyenera kuthirira madzi kawiri pa sabata, kuyang'ana kutentha kwa mpweya, nthawi zonse madzulo, dzuwa likalowa. Chomera chimodzi chimayenera kuwerengera malita 5 mpaka 20 a madzi. Malangizowa ali ndi nyengo, chifukwa mu madera osiyanasiyana nyengo iyenera kukhala njira imodzi yothirira. Cholinga chachikulu ndikupewa kudula komanso kuthilira kwamadzi m'nthaka, popeza mphesa zimatha kudziwa zovuta zotere.
Mavalidwe apamwamba
Ngati feteleza wovuta anathiridwa nthawi yobzala, ndiye kuti nthawi yachilimwe simungathe kudyetsa osati kupopera mbewu. Kupalira ndi kumasula kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Njira zolimba ngati izi zimalimbikitsidwa ndi Rostislav Fedorovich Sharov, wodziwika bwino wamaluwa ndi viticulturist yemwe amalima mphesa ku Biysk. Kwa nyengo yaku Siberiya, malingaliro awa akuwoneka kuti ndi abwino. Zisanu zazikuluzikulu za nyengo yozizira sizisiya tizirombo mwayi wopulumuka, ndipo simungawope kuti zitsamba za mpesa zingakhudzidwe. Koma kum'mwera, komwe chisanu sichingachitike konse nthawi yozizira, chiopsezo chotenga matenda a fungus ndi chambiri.
Matenda a mphesa
Matenda a Tukay ndi otsika. Siziwonongeka ndi imvi zowola, koma imatha kuvutika ndimavuto monga oidium ndi mildew.
Gray zowola ndi matenda fungal chifukwa cha pathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers, amene mycelium hibernates pa mphukira zowonongeka kale, komanso masamba akugwa ndi zipatso. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa kasupe mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, fungal spores imatulutsa mwachangu ndipo imanyamulidwa ndi mphepo, masamba owonongeka, mphukira, inflorescence ndi masango omwe adapangidwa kale. Poyamba, mawanga a bulauni okhala ndi utoto wonyerezimira amawonekera pamasamba ndi mphukira, kenako masamba amawuma ndikugwa, ndipo mphukira zimafa. Inflorescence ndi zipatso, zowonongeka ndi imvi zowola, zimafota ndikugwa.
Oidium (komanso powdery mildew kapena ashtray) ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bowa wa genus Uncinula wa gawo la Ascomycete. Itha kukhala pamtunda uliwonse wamtchire, kuyamwa madzi kuchokera kumaselo amoyo. Zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa oidium, masamba a mphukira ndi zipatso zimakutidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira wa ufa, ndikuuma ndikugwa.
Mildew (downy mildew) ndiye matenda oopsa a mphesa. Amayamba chifukwa cha bowa Peronospora Viticola de Bary, wobweretsedwa kuzungulira kwathu ku North America. Kukula kwa khosi nthawi zambiri kumalimbikitsidwa ndi nyengo yotentha kwambiri. Patsamba pali masamba achikasu, owoneka bwino amaso owoneka bwino masamba ndi ma angular, omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa masamba. Kenako, kunsi kwa masamba pansi pa masamba, ntchentche yoyera ya mycelium imakula. Chimodzimodzi, nsonga, mphukira, inflorescence, zitunda ndi mphesa zazing'ono zingakhudzidwe. Inflorescence imatembenuka chikasu, kupindika, kukhala yofiirira komanso youma. Ndipo zipatsozo zimasanduka buluu komanso makwinya. Ngati zinthu zoyenera sizitengedwa munthawi yake, chitsamba chitha kufa.
Zithunzi Zithunzi: Matenda a Mphesa
- Zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi Oidium zimakutidwa ndi zokutira, kenako ndikugwa
- Chizindikiro choyamba cha imvi zowola ndi mawonekedwe a bulauni mawanga okhala ndi imvi
- Mildew amakula nthawi yonyowa komanso yotentha
Momwe mungapewere kugonjetsedwa kwa mphesa zokhala ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus
- Panthawi yophukira patchire, onetsetsani kuti kuchuluka kwa lashes ndikoyenera bwino mpweya wabwino, ndipo timipata tambiri ndi lokwanira. Kunenepa kuthengo kumatha kukhala chinyezi chochulukirapo, chomwe chimakonda kwambiri ndi spores ofewu ndi oidium.
- Maluwa asanafike kapena kutulutsa, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi kapena mkuwa (chitsulo) kumateteza mazira achichepere ku matenda. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aliwonse opangidwa ndi fungusidal omwe amapangidwa ndi makina amakono amakankhwala.
- Chithandizo cha mankhwala okhala ndi sulufule zimateteza mbewu kuti zisatenge matenda oidium. Ndikofunika kuti sulufule ali mumtundu wonenepa kwambiri, kenako kuipaka ndi madziwo kumakwirira mbali zonse zobiriwira za chitsamba. Kutentha kwa mpweya kwa njirayi kuyenera kukhala 18-20 ° C, chifukwa nyengo yozizira, sulufule sizingakhudze mycelium ya bowa, ndipo kutentha kumatha kuyambitsa masamba ndi zipatso.
- Chithandizo choyamba cha mbewu ziyenera kuchitika kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula. Kenako abwerezenso masiku 10 mpaka 10, mpaka zipatso zipse. Ndipo ngati nyengo yanyumba ndipo dzuwa silili lokwanira, muyenera kupopera mankhwalawa, masiku 7 aliwonse.
- Kulowetsa dothi mozungulira tchire ndi phulusa ndikumapopera mbewu mankhwalawo pogwiritsa ntchito phulusa la phulusa kumathandizanso kuti pasawononge zipatso pa matenda. Phulusa la phulusa liyenera kuthiridwa kwa masiku atatu, kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi ndikuwonjezera sopo wamadzi kuti muzitsatira bwino.
Kanema: kukonza mphesa ndi phulusa
Katemera ndi kubereka
Ntchito za Agrotechnical, makamaka, zimadalira nyengo momwe mphesa zimadzala.
M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mitengo ya Tukay yokhala ndi chikopa pamatumba olimba a dzinja a North, Far Eastern 60, Alpha, Baytur. Njirayi imalimbikitsa Rostislav Fedorovich Sharov yemwe adatchulidwa kale.
Njira yolumikiza mphesa ndi chishango ikulimbikitsidwa ndi msodzi wodziwika bwino wa mphesa Rostislav Fedorovich Sharov
Komabe, nazale m'dera lirilonse limapereka mbande za Tukay mphesa zokhazikitsidwa kale pa chitsa chosagonjetsedwa ndi phylloxera.
Phyloxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae) ndi aphid mphesa, yaying'ono, mpaka 1 mm kutalika komwe kumakhala pamizu ndi mobisa mbali zamtchire, kuyamwa madzi kuchokera kwa iwo. Adatulutsidwa ku Europe kuchokera ku North America mkatikati mwa zaka zana zapitazi.
Chifukwa chake, aliyense wobzala atha kusankha njira iliyonse yobzala mphesa, komanso podziyimira payekha kutulutsa zosiyanasiyana zomwe amakonda zonsezo pomalumikiza ndi zodula.
Kudula ndi njira yofala kwambiri komanso yothandiza pofesa mphesa. Mitundu ya Tukai imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwakapulumuka kwakadulidwa. Izi zikuyenera kuchitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, pomwe mphukira zowonjezera zimachotsedwa pakapangidwa chitsamba. Timasankha zabwino kwambiri za iwo kudula. Timangogwiritsa ntchito gawo lotsika kapena lamkati la mpesa, kumtunda sikokwanira.
- Timayika mphukira m'ngalande mwachangu, kupopera, kuwaphimba ndi nsalu yonyowa ndi kuziyika mu chipinda chapansi cha usiku.
- Tsiku lotsatira tidula mphukira kukhala zodulidwa ndi masamba awiri. Tsamba pansi limadulidwa kwathunthu, ndipo pamwamba ndi theka chabe. Kuchokera pansi, dulani phesi yomweyo pansi pa impso, ndipo pamwamba pa 1.5 masentimita pamwamba pa impso.
- Kenako, ikani zodulidwazo m'madzi ndikuwadzala m'bokosi lamchenga lotalika 3 cm, mtunda pakati pa zodulidwazo ndi 10 cm. Spray ndi madzi ndikuphimba bokosilo ndi galasi kapena pulasitiki.
- Tsiku lirilonse lotsatira, ndikofunikira kupopera mankhwalawo kuchokera mfuti yakufinya maulendo 4-5 ndi madzi ofunda (20-25 ° C).
- Pakatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri, mizu imawonekera pamadulidwe, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa kupopera kumacheperanso katatu patsiku. Mizu ikakula mokwanira, timabzala zodula pamalo okhazikika malinga ndi 10 by 5 cm.
- Kusamalanso kwa kudula kumachitika mwachizolowezi.
Pafupifupi milungu iwiri mutabzala, mizu imayamba kudulidwa, koma musanabzyala m'nthaka, muyenera kudikira mpaka mizu itakula bwino
Ndemanga zamaluwa
Machitidwe anga, ndimagwirizana ndi zabwino zonse zomwe zanenedwa. Mtandawu ukhoza kuchoka pa 300 g mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu: zimatengera momwe zinthu zingayikire inflorescence chaka chathachi, kupukutidwa. Nthawi zonse sichikhala ndi mungu m'maso mwanga, nandolo. Poyerekeza ndi Aleshenkin, ndi inflorescence yochulukirapo, imapukutidwa moyipitsitsa (ngakhale Aleshenkin si wochita masewera). Tuka ayenera kuyimitsidwa - chaka chino osachepera 50% ya inflorescence achotsedwa. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mitunduyi ndiyanu. Zokoma zanga ndizokoma kulawa: mascat woonda, khungu loonda, lalitali kwambiri. M'nyumba yanga komanso malo omwe ndimalawa ndimawerengera zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimakula ndi ine. Mpesa wathu nthawi zonse ndipo umakhwima kwathunthu ku nsonga. Zofooka zouma zimakhala zachindunji - zimafunikira kupopera kochuluka kwa 4. Imayamba kuuma m'zaka zathu zapakati pofika pakati pa Ogasiti. Mu Ogasiti, timachotsa kwathunthu. Pofika pano, kufatsa kumayamba kale kwambiri. Kupopera kwina ndikofunikira, nthawi zambiri ndimapanga malekezero. Itha kupachikidwa pachitsamba kwa nthawi yayitali osataya kukoma. Koma kuisunga nthawi yayitali ndi nkhani kwa ine. Ndiyenera kuyesa. Zikomo! Kulimbana ndi chisanu, malinga ndi momwe ndikumvera, ndiwokwera bwino kuposa 21 - ndikuganiza 25-25 °.Tchire ndi yachikale, sichinapereke mawonekedwe munthawi, imatsika pansi.Inkaika pansi 40 cm.Ndinayika chikwangwani (gawo lalitali lamanja) pazomwe zimatuluka, ndikuphimba zina zonse ndi dziko lapansi. Zaka 15 nyengo zimakhala bwino. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mitundu iyi mwazinthu zabwino ndizabwino kumpoto kwa viticulture. Kwa akumwera.
Treneva Tatyana Ivanovna//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=2539
Ndinadabwa kumva kukoma kwa Tukai pa Julayi 16th. Poyamba kwambiri, ndipo kukoma kwake ndi kosangalatsa kwambiri. Chaka chatha chidadyedwa kumapeto kwa Julayi. M'malo mwake - ngwazi yachidziwitso. Tatyana Ivanovna, zikomo chifukwa chodula. Mabasi akukula bwino, amakhuta kukoma ndi kukhwima koyambirira.
Tatyana Andreevna, Kremenchug//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=2539&page=2
Kucha-koyambirira-koyambirira, kuthana ndi chisanu, kukwera kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa kupulumuka pafupifupi dera lirilonse la dzikolo, kukoma kodabwitsa kwa nutmeg - Mphesa za Tukay zitha kulimbikitsidwa bwino kwa aliyense amene akufuna kulawa zipatso zabwinozi, kuzikulitsa ndi manja awo.
