Siberia ndi dera lalikulu lomwe limalamulidwa ndi nyengo yam'mlengalenga. Kwa ulimi waulimi ndi malo oopsa kwambiri. Kukula bwino kukolola kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Komabe, kubzala ndi kukulitsa mbatata ku Siberia ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa ulimi.
Mitengo yabwino kwambiri ya mbatata ku Siberia
Mitundu yoposa 400 ya mbatata imakula ku Russia, ndipo iliyonse imakhala ndi ubwino ndi ubwino. Komabe, si mitundu yonse yomwe ikhoza kukulira m'mavuto a chimfine choopsa cha Siberia. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, asayansi achita ntchito yabwino yakuchotsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe cha chisanu. Mitundu yabwino ya mbatata ku Siberia iyenera kukhala yolimba ngati ikutheka zipatso:
- "Alena": Mitengo ya mbatata yobala zipatso, yosiyana ndi kukana nkhanambo, mbatata ya caratoma ndi rhizoctoniosis. Amadziwika ndi timabulu tambirimbiri tomwe timapanga timadzi timene timakhala ndi pinki, tomwe timapirira ndi chilala.
- "Priekule Early": wotchuka wotchedwa "masiku makumi anai" pamlingo wa ukalamba. Ndizungulira kuzungulira mizu masamba ophimbidwa ndi yosalala kuwala khungu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yokondweretsa muyeso yomwe imabala asanayambe matenda ndi matenda omwe angathe.
- "Bwino": kulekerera nyengo iliyonse, yosungidwa bwino, osati yodwala matenda. Kubzala koyambirira kosiyanasiyana kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso khungu lofewa.
- "Adretta": Zimatengedwa kuti ndizo "mbande" zosiyanasiyana za mbatata ndipo ndizoyenera kubzala ku Siberia. Ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kwambiri ndi thupi lolemera la chikasu. Bwezerani mizu ya masamba kwa masiku makumi asanu ndi awiri (70), ili ndi ubwino wabwino ndipo ili yoyenera mitundu yonse ya chithandizo cha kutentha.
- "Zhukovsky Oyambirira": osadziletsa, osasamala komanso osungirako nthawi yaitali. Ali ndi kukoma kokoma, samaphika mopatsa panthawi yophika. Tubers amaphimbidwa ndi kuwala kofiira kosalala khungu, lalikulu, ndi mnofu wangwiro.
Mukudziwa? Mitundu ya mbatata imasiyanasiyana kukula, kulawa, mtundu, mawonekedwe, zokhudzana ndi mankhwala ndi wowuma. Kuwonjezera pa mbatata yachizungu ndi yachikasu, pali mitundu yofiira, yakuda komanso ya buluu. Mitundu yosasinthasintha yomwe imatha kupirira kutentha kwa -10 ° C ndi mitundu yomwe ilibe chidwi ndi kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata.
Kubzala nthawi ya mbatata ku Siberia
Malingana ndi sayansi yamakono ya kulima mbatata, nthawi yobzala ku Siberia imayamba mochedwa kuposa ena, madera ena akummwera a dzikoli. Komabe palibe nthawi yochuluka yokwera, popeza Siberia ili m'zigawo zitatu. Kumadera akumadzulo, kubzala mbatata kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa May, kumadera akummawa a Siberia, amayamba kubzala masabata awiri kenako.
Ndikofunikira! Kuphika mbatata ku Siberia kumatha kutentha mpaka masentimita 15 padziko lapansi, yomwe imafikira madigiri 6-8, kuti tipewe kukula bwino kwa mbewu.
Kusankha malo okula mbatata
Mbatata - chomera chojambulaChoncho ndikofunikira kukonzekera kuuluka kwake chiwembu chosagwedezeka ndi mitengo kapena zitsamba. Zomera zowonjezera zimayenera kuunika, nthaka yosayirira, bwino feteleza ndi manyowa.
Ndikofunikira! Manyowa ayenera kupanga m'dzinja pansi pa kukumba. Ngati mupanga kuchilimwe, mbatata idzafa.
M'chaka, mukhoza kuthirira nthaka ndi humus, kompositi, peat, nkhuku za nkhuku.
Mbatata siingakhoze kubzalidwa pambuyo pa zomera zowononga zomera zofanana, zimakhala ndi tizirombo kapena matenda omwewo. Palibe chofunika chodzala mbewu komwe chaka chatha dzikoli linayambitsidwa ndi nematode, nkhanambo, ndi matenda ena. Mbatata kukula bwino pambuyo pa kabichi, beets, kaloti, letesi kapena nkhaka.
Mukudziwa? Chomera cha mbatata ndi chakupha, chimatha kusonkhanitsa solanine. Choyamba, zipatso zimakhala ndi solanine, koma tubers zimatha kuziunjikira pansi pa dzuwa (izi zimakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wa peel).
Ntchito yokonzekera pawebusaiti
Kuti nyengo yozizira iwononge nthaka yamsongole ndi tizirombo, nkofunika kukumba kugwa kwake. Kokani mwakuya ku bayonet onse mafosholo. Pakali pano ndi zofunika kuchotsa nthiti zonse za namsongole, kuti mupeze ndi kuwononga mphutsi za kachilomboka ka Mayon, wireworm.
Pambuyo kukumba, sipangakhale malo ena omwe amapezeka m'maderawa, kuti mvula isagwe mu madziwo, kubzala mbatata. Manyowa omwe amabwera pansi pa kukumba sayenera kukhala pamwamba, mwinamwake adzauma ndi kutaya katundu wake.
Manyowa opangira thupi amalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbatata, koma pang'onopang'ono amawonongeka, kotero sagwiritsidwa ntchito pachiyambi cha kukula kwa mbatata. Powapatsa chikhalidwe ndi zinthu zothandiza kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwake, feteleza zamchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga superphosphate, potaziyamu sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ndi phulusa la nkhuni.
Mukudziwa? Mbatata imagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zina ndipo imathandiza kwambiri njira zonse zothandizira kutentha. Kuchokera wapadera tuber mungathe kuphika oposa zikwi ziwiri osati woyamba ndi yachiwiri maphunziro, komanso mchere.
Kukonzekera kwa kubzala zakuthupi
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa March, mbatata imatha kukonzekera kubzala. Pakakhala masiku 30-35 musanayambe kubzala tubers, mbatata ikhoza kutengedwa m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba yopita ku Siberia.
Ndikofunikira! Mphukira imayenera kutuluka mwamsanga ndikupeza mphamvu ya dzuwa. Choncho, chodzala chokha chomwe chaphuka ndi mizu yabzala.
Mitundu yamadzimadzi yambiri imayenera kubzala. Ngati tubers ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zikhoza kugawa magawo 2-3 musanadzalemo.
Musanabzala mbatata pansi, kubzala zinthu n'kofunikira kuti azitha kuchiza. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingatetezedwe ndi boric acid, potaziyamu permanganate (potassium permanganate) kapena adyo kulowetsedwa.
M'tsogolomu, imateteza chomera kuchoka ku tizirombo ndikuyambitsa kukula kwake. Tizilombo tingathe kuchiritsidwa powaika mu njira yothetsera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa maola awiri, kapena kupopera mankhwala.
Ndikofunikira! N'zotheka kupopera zakumwa zokolola pokhapokha palibe zikumera pa tubers.
Pakuti yogwira kumera wa chikhalidwe ake tubers anapangidwa kudula kwina. Zimapangidwa m'njira ziwiri - zozengereza komanso zodabwitsa.
Kupangidwira kwakukulu kumapangidwira mozama kwa tuber axis. Gawo laling'ono silikhala lopanda, osaposa masentimita imodzi.
Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuwerenga za masamba ena: rokambol, anyezi, okra, lagenaria, tsabola-chili, tomato, kabichi, zukini, khofi.
Kutentha kwapadera kumapindulitsa kwambiri ndipo kumachitidwa mwakachetechete ku kuya kwa phloem wosanjikiza, kufika 1 masentimita.
Kulimbikitsa kuganizira kumapangidwa pafupifupi miyezi iwiri isanayambe kubzala, mpaka maso ayambe kuphuka.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kuteteza kufala kwa matenda muyenera kusankha mbewu yathanzi ndikugwira mpeni.
Ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko yobzala mbatata ku Siberia
Zimadziwika kuti pofuna kubzala mbatata ku Siberia moyenera, udzu, tsamba la tsamba kapena udzu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mthunzi pambuyo pa udzu. Pali osachepera njira zitatu chomera mbatata m'derali.
Mzere wosakwatira - njira yofala kwambiri. Zomera zimabzalidwa pamtunda patali pafupifupi masentimita 25 kuchokera pa wina ndi mzake. Mzere wa mzerewu ndi 60-70 masentimita. Kuya kwake kwa mbatata ndi njira iyi ndibwino kwambiri nyengo yovuta ku Siberia - masentimita 7 okha.
Njira yopezera malo ogwiritsira ntchito mafakitale. Kuyala kumachitika m'mizere iwiri ndi mtunda wa masentimita 30 pakati pawo. Mizere ina imayikidwa pamtunda wa masentimita 110. Pamene terekita ndi mbatata yomwe imabzalidwa motere, mizu ya mbeu siidapweteka.
Chigwacho chikufanana ndi njira yobzala m'mzere (zitunda zimapangidwa patali masentimita 70). Kusiyana kumeneku kumangokhala kutalika kwa mzerewu, kufika masentimita 20. Njira yobzala imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthaka yolemetsa kwambiri, imakulolani kukolola mbewu isanafike masabata awiri.
Ndikofunikira! Pokhapokha pamene dziko lapansi likutenthedwa, muyenera kudzala mbatata ku Siberia.
Kuwala kwa bulangete la udzu (mulch) kumadalira khalidwe lake - masamba ayenera kuphimba pansi ndi masentimita 15, kudya mpaka masentimita 40.
Kukula ndi kusamalira mbatata ku Siberia
Kusamalira mbatata ku Siberia kumayamba kumera. Kusamalira mbewu kumagawidwa m'magulu angapo: kuthirira, kupalira ndi kumasula, kukwera mapiri, kumera ndi kuteteza ku tizirombo.
Kuthirira
Mmodzi wa chofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza zokolola za mbeu. Kuthira koyamba kumachitika pakati pa mwezi mutatha mphukira.
Pamene nyengo ikuyamba, zimalimbikitsa kuyalanya dothi. Ngati dziko lapansi limauma masentimita 7 chifukwa cha nyengo yowuma, kumwa madzi okwanira ndikofunikira. Ndikofunika kumwa madzi madzulo, ndikupitirira malita 7 a madzi pa chitsamba chilichonse. Ngati nyengo idauma, muyenera kuthirira mbatata nthawi zisanu.
Tsiku lotsatira kuthirira nthaka ayenera kumasulidwa.
Ndikofunikira! Mbatata makamaka ayenera kuthirira pa budding ndi tuberization.
Kubzala ndi kumasula nthaka
Ndikofunika nthawi zonse kumasula nthaka, ndikupangitsa kuti tubers kupeza mpweya. Pa nthawi yomweyo muyenera kuyeretsa namsongole. Njirazi ziyenera kuchitidwa moyenera ngati gawo la mbeu likukula.
Kupindula kwa mizu ya mpweya kumathandiza kuwonjezeka kwa tubers za mbatata. Samasulani nthaka makamaka pambuyo pa mvula iliyonse kapena kuthirira, kuchotsa namsongole ndi kuswa. Izi zimapangitsa kuchepetsa mavuto a dziko lapansi pa tubers.
Ndikofunikira! Simungathe kubzala mbatata, ngati sanawonekere kuchokera pansi - mukhoza kuwononga kukula kwa mbeuyo, ndipo idzafa.
Maluwa okwera
June chisanu chimapezeka kawirikawiri kumpoto, choncho nthawi zonse mumakhala ndi mulch kuchokera ku udzu, udzu ndi udzu.
Njira yothandizira mizere ya tizilombo imateteza kambewu kakang'ono ku chisanu, imathetsa namsongole, imasonkhanitsa chinyezi ndipo imapereka mpweya wabwino ku mizu.
Chigwa choyamba chimachitika mwamsanga kutuluka kwa achinyamata mphukira za mbatata.
Pamene chomera chimatuluka pansi pa 15-17 masentimita, m'pofunikira kuti tipeze kachiwiri ndi namsongole namsongole.
Mukudziwa? Mbale wamkulu kwambiri ku Lebanon ndi wolemera makilogalamu 11.
Feteleza
Mbatata ayenera kudyetsedwa organic ndi mchere feteleza.
Panthawiyi ndi bwino kuti manyowa azizitsuka katatu. Kudyetsa koyamba kumapangidwira kukula kwa nsonga zazing'ono. Kawirikawiri, urea amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi.
Nthawi yachiwiri mbatata imalumikizidwa kuti ifulumizitse maluwa pa nthawi ya budding. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito phulusa ndi potaziyamu sulphate.
Kuvala kachitatu pa nthawi ya maluwa kumapangidwira ntchito yopanga tuber. Amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito superphosphate.
Ndikofunikira! Manyowa ayenera kukhala atatha kuthirira kapena mvula.
Chitetezo cha tizilombo
Choyamba, simungabzalitse mbatata pamalo omwewo, ndibwino kusinthanitsa ndi malo adyo ndi dzungu, mwachitsanzo. Kotero mungathe kuletsa kuyambira koyambirira kwa tizirombo ta mbatata.
Pali mankhwala ambiri omwe amathandiza kuchotsa tizirombo ndi matenda a mbatata. Ena wamaluwa amathabe kuchita zinthu zokhulupirika, monga sopo ndi vitriol. Zomwe zimalepheretsa kulima mbewu za mbatata ndi Medvedka, Colorado mbatata kachilomboka, wireworm, nkhanambo ndi kupweteka kochedwa.
Chilomboka cha mbatata cha Colorado wotchedwa mbatata wakupha. Chotsani icho mwa kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwononga tizilombo kuchokera mazira kupita kwa akuluakulu. Gwiritsirani ntchito mankhwalawa a celandine pofuna kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kubzala malo ndikubzala ku mbatata, kuopseza tizilombo ndi fungo lake (nyemba kapena coriander).
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidzakuthandizani polimbana ndi tizirombo ta mbatata: Bitoxibacillin, Inta-vir, Karbofos, Aktara, Bi-58.
Kuteteza motsutsa wireworm, mphutsi za kachilomboka, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza okhala ndi ammonia. Ndikofunika kuti nthawi zonse mumasule nthaka ndikuchotsa namsongole. Ndi zofunika kuchepetsa acidity padziko lapansi powonjezerapo mchere wochuluka kapena ufa wa dolomite.
Medvedka - Ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadya mizu ya tuber ndi mbatata. Amachichotsa pozama kukumba nthaka, kugwa kwakhwangwa lakuthwa kapena adyolo, komanso kuyenera kukolola nthawi yake. Nthaŵi zina mchere wothetsera mchere, mchere wamchere wamchere, mchere wa sulphate yankho kapena poizoni wa tizilombo amathiridwa m'mabowo.
Scab - Izi ndi matenda a fungal, zimakhudza mavitamini a mbatata. Chithandizo cha chikhalidwe ndi mankhwala a manganese kapena boric asidi angathandize kuchotsa izo. Nkhumba zotchedwa scab zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ziyenera kukumba pansi ndi kutenthedwa. Izi zidzateteza kufalikira kwa matendawa ku tchire ndi zomera zapafupi za nyengo yotsatira.
Kuwonongeka kochedwakapena kuvuta kwa mbatata ndi matenda a fungal omwe amayamba mu nyengo yamvula ndi yotentha.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwonongeka kochedwa - matenda omwe amakhudza tuberous, ndi mbali ya masamba a mbatata. Zolakolako zapachaka zapakati pa 15% zimachokera kwa izo.
Kuti muchotse bowa, mungagwiritse ntchito fungicides kapena njira yowonjezera yobiriwira.
Pofuna kupewa zochitika zomwe zimachitika mochedwa, mungapewe kusungunula chinyezi pansi ndikubzala mbatata pafupi ndi mbewu zina zowonongeka, feteleza nthaka ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous.
Kukolola ndi kusunga mbewu
Kukolola kumachitika pambuyo pa mapepala atayamba kuuma. Mitengo yoyambirira ya mbatata imakololedwa ku Siberia kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa August, pamene ena, malingana ndi nyengo, amakololedwa kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa September kufikira khumi khumi oyambirira a mwezi wa Oktoba.
Mukudziwa? Zikumbutso za mbatata zakhazikitsidwa ku Minsk, Mariinsk ndi Besezhezha (Poland). Ku Korosten (Ukraine) pali chikumbutso cha zikondamoyo za mbatata. Ku Bruges (Belgium) ndi Museum of Blackfoot (USA) zimatsegulidwa.
Masabata angapo musanafike pokolola mapepala ayenera kuyendetsedwa. Izi zimalepheretsa kuti zizindikiro za matenda a fungal zitheke, zimathandiza kuti mbeu zisazuke bwino komanso kuti zisawonongeke. Kukumba mbatata ndi fosholo kapena foski ayenera kusamala kwambiri kuti asawononge izo, chifukwa nthawi yosungirako zida zowonongeka zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda.
Kutentha kwabwino kwa kusungirako mbatata ku Siberia ndi 2-4 ° С, kutentha kwa mpweya ndi 90-92%. Mbatata nthawi zambiri amasungidwa m'nyumba zosungiramo, zitseko kapena pansi. Kusungidwa kwa mbatata kwa nthawi yayitali kudzaonetsetsa kuti kuyambanso kuyanika, kuyeretsa kuchoka ku zotsalira zapadziko lapansi komanso kuchotsa mbewu zakuda kapena zovulazidwa.
Kukula mbewu zabwino za mbatata ku Siberia n'kosatheka. Chinthu chachikulu ndicho kutsatira malamulo ena a kulima ndikusankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
