Cholinga cha mlimi aliyense ndi kusonkhanitsa zamasamba zabwino ndi zathanzi chaka chilichonse. Komabe, mwatsoka, izi sizingatheke kukwaniritsa - munda wamaluwa ukhoza kusokonezedwa ndi tizirombo ndi matenda, zomwe zimapweteketsa zokolola, zimasokoneza zokambirana ndi khalidwe la zipatso.
Monga lamulo, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe mbewu zam'munda zimayendera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bowa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mavairasi sizomwe tili nazo kapena kusanyalanyaza mwiniwake wa chiwembu cha dacha ndi chidziwitso chokhudza zomwe zimayambitsa matenda akuluakulu komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akule bwino. 
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za masamba ndi zamasamba zothandiza komanso zokoma. Tidzakuuzani zomwe mukufunikira kuchita kuti kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda ndi matenda a zukini, zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za matenda ndi njira zamankhwala.
Mukudziwa? Zukini ndi mankhwala abwino ndi zakudya. Kalori zukini ndi 74 kcal pa 100 g ya ndiwo zamasamba ndi 88 kcal - yokazinga. Izi zamasamba zimakhala ndi vitamini C, vitamini A, folic acid, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium.
Kodi kuthana ndi matenda a zukini
Matenda osiyanasiyana omwe angagwire zukini ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Mofanana ndi zomera zina za dzungu (sikwashi, vwende, nkhaka, dzungu, mavwende), mavairasi, fungal, ndi mabakiteriya akhoza kuthana nazo. M'munsimu mudzapeza zambiri zokhudza oopsa kwambiri komanso momwe mungagwirire ndi matenda a zukini.
Anthracnose
Zizindikiro. Anthracnosis kapena vermilion imakhudza ziwalo zonse za zukini. Kawirikawiri amapeza masamba otentha ndi wowonjezera kutentha. Kawirikawiri, mbewu zosavuta zomwe zimakula kumunda zimakhudzidwa. 
Chizindikiro cha matendawa a zukini oterewa adzakhala mawanga obiriwira pambali ndi masamba obiriwira ndi pinki patina pa rhizome, stems, ndi maluwa. Patapita nthawi, zipatsozo zimawomba ndi kuyamba kuvunda. Ndipo mmalo mwa mawanga mu masamba, mabowo amapangidwa. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa rhizomes, zomera sizingakhoze kupulumutsidwa, kotero kuti nkhondoyo iyenera kuyamba pamene zizindikiro zoyamba zimapezeka.
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- kuthirira mu kutentha;
- kutentha kwa mpweya ndi nthaka;
- Kusamba kosavuta kwazitsalira zotsalira.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Pofuna kuteteza matendawa, chiwembu cha munda chiyenera kutsukidwa nthawi yoyenera komanso yeniyeni m'dzinja. Chigawo chofunikira pa nkhondoyi chidzakhala chiwonongeko cha namsongole. Kudula kumaso kumafunika kuthirira moyenera komanso nthawi zina.
Popeza matendawa amatha kufalitsa kudzera mu mbeu, m'pofunikira kusankha mbande musanadzalemo pansi. Mukhoza kukonza mbeu ya 0.2% ya boron, mkuwa ndi manganese. 
Komanso, musanyalanyaze malamulo a kusintha kwa mbewu. Zomera sizinabzalidwe pamalo omwe masamba a dzungu amakula pa nyengo yotsiriza, monga mbeu zofanana zimayambitsa matenda omwewo, omwe amachititsa kuti zikhalebe m'nthaka kwa zaka zingapo. Kumalo amodzi, zukini ndi zofunika kubzala kamodzi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi.
Ndikofunikira! Kusamalitsa malamulo a kusintha kwa mbewu ndi kubzala mbewu pamalo omwewo kwa zaka zingapo kumapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke, kusokonezeka kwa mphamvu ya micro ndi macronutrients mmenemo, kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kukula kwa mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zonsezi zimayambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu mu zokolola.
Masamba a zukini amathiridwa ndi mankhwala opangira zukini ndi dzungu lina ("Fitosporin", ndi zina zotero) pakapita masabata awiri.
Ngati kachilomboka kamapezeka mu wowonjezera kutentha, ndiye kuti mutatha kukolola, muyenera kuchizira mankhwalawa ndi madzi (200 g / 10 l madzi). Kwa zizindikiro zazikulu za matenda, zomera zimayambitsidwa ndi Bordeaux osakaniza (100 g zamkuwa sulphate / 100 g wa laimu / 10 l madzi), 35% phala la sulfure (40-100 g / 10 l madzi), 04% yothetsera polycarbide. Ndi matenda akuluakulu, sikwashi yawonongeka.
Bacteriosis
Zizindikiro. Mwina chimodzi mwazoopsa kwambiri zukini ndipo onse dzungu mbewu ndi bacteriosis. Ndiyenera kukhumudwa ndi maonekedwe a bulauni mawanga pa masamba a zukini. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda a bacteriosis. Pambuyo pake, pafupi ndi mitsempha ya masamba amapangidwa mabowo. 
Zipatso zili ndi zilonda zofiira, zopunduka. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasamutsidwa ndi tizilombo, mbewu, madontho a madzi, zotsalira za zomera. Chifukwa cha matenda ndi bacteriosis mu zukini zipatso kuwonongeka, zokolola ndi mwamphamvu kuchepa.
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha usana ndi usiku;
- nthaka yambiri ndi chinyezi;
- Mbeu zopanda matenda.
- munda wosatuta nthawi yokolola.
Ndikofunikira! Njira yayikulu yotetezera matenda ndiyo kuteteza zifukwa zabwino pa chitukuko chawo..
Zotsatira zoletsa. Pofuna kupewa bacteriosis mu zukini, m'pofunika kuchita kupewa matenda, omwe ndi:
- Sakanizani mbeu (0.02% ya zulu sulphate yankho);
- chotsani zotsalira zazomera;
- tsatirani malamulo a kusintha kwa zipatso;
- kuchita njira yopopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi kapena 0,4% njira ya mkuwa oxychloride.
Mitengo yosauka ndi zipatso ziyenera kuwonongedwa. Pofuna kupewa chitukuko cha matendawa, chithandizo ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi chikuwonetsedwa.Ndikofunikira! Kupopera mbewu Bordeaux madzi ayenera kuyimitsidwa osachepera masiku khumi ndi limodzi musanakolole.
Vuto loyera (sclerotinia)
Zizindikiro. Pamene ali ndi matenda ovunda, petioles wa masamba ndi zipatso, zimayambira ndi mizu ya zukini zimaphimbidwa ndi wandiweyani woyera flaky zokutira. Pambuyo pake, nsikiti zakuda za bowa zimatulukira pa izo. Mbali zopatsirana zimapangidwa zofewa ndi zowuma, kufota ndi kufa. Chifukwa chake, zipatso za zukini zoipa. 
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- kutentha ndi kutentha kwa mpweya ndi nthaka;
- munda wokhwima;
- kusagwirizana pamene mukudzala ndondomeko za kusinthasintha kwa mbeu;
- kuwonjezereka kwa nayitrogeni zowonjezera.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Pa nthawi yoyamba, kuphulika kwa zowola kumathandiza kuchepetsa kufumbika kwa madera a tsinde ndi chisakanizo cha mkuwa wa sulfate ndi choko mu chiwerengero cha 1: 1. Pofuna kuteteza kufalikira kwa matenda ndikuumitsa malo okhudzidwa, mungathe kupukuta ndi makala opasuka. 
Ngati kachilomboka kankachitika mu wowonjezera kutentha, pofuna kupewa kupezeka kwa misala, m'pofunika kuchepetsa chinyezi ndi kuchita nthawi zonse. Kuthirira mbewu ndi madzi ofunda okha.
Analimbikitsa foliar kudyetsa (1 g wa nthaka sulfate, 2 g zamkuwa sulphate ndi 10 g wa urea pa 10 malita a madzi). Zipatso ndi zomera ziyenera kuwonongedwa.
Gray Rot (Botrytis)
Zizindikiro. Matendawa amadziwika ndi zomera zachinyamata, amawononga masamba awo ndi mazira. Zotsatira zake, zimakhala zowonongeka, zimakhala zofiira ndipo zimadzazidwa ndi imvi. 
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha;
- madzi;
- chinyezi chokwanira cha nthaka;
- chinyezi cha nthaka nthawi yotsatira;
- kuthirira madzi ozizira;
- owonjezera nayitrogeni.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Njira zothana ndi imvi zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa namsongole nthawi ndi nthawi, kutsatira malamulo a agrotechnical, feteleza ndi phosphate ndi maonekedwe a foliar, kuyendera zukini masiku khumi ndi awiri. Pambuyo pozindikira matenda ozungulira mazira ndi masamba, ayenera kuwonongedwa. Pofuna kuletsa kukula kwa matendawa, kupukuta ndi mkuwa sulphate (2: 1) akulimbikitsidwa.
Mukhoza kuchotsa namsongole mothandizidwa ndi herbicides. Ngati mukutsutsana ndi njira zopangira mankhwala, mugwiritseni ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira kapena chida chapadera kuti muchotse udzu.
Zowola zowola
Zizindikiro. Chizindikiro chodziwika cha mizu yovunda chikhonza kukhala chokhazikika pa mizu. Mizu, mizu ya mizu ndi zimayambira kutembenukira bulauni, ndiye kuvunda, masamba apansi amatembenukira chikasu. Zukini wodwala amaonekera pakati pa ena m'munda - zipatso zawo ndizochepa, masamba ndi ang'onoang'ono, amtundu wachikasu. Mazira ndi mazira a zomera izi amagwa. Pamapeto pake, imfa ya chikhalidwe imabwera. 
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- kutsika kwa kutentha;
- kufooketsa zikhalidwe;
- kuthirira madzi ozizira (pansi pa 20 ° C);
- mabedi ogona;
- kwambiri feteleza.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Pofuna kupewa mizu yovunda musalole zomwe zili pamwambapa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito pepala. Ngati zizindikiro za matenda zikupezeka, m'pofunika kutsanulira nthaka kuti mukhale tsinde kuti mupange mizu yatsopano. Kupopera mankhwala ndi kukonzekera mkuwa kuchokera muzu zowola zukini ntchito. Mitengo yowonongeka ikuwonongedwa ndi kuyaka. Malo omwe anakulira amathandizidwa ndi vitriol buluu.
Mame a Mealy
Zizindikiro. Imeneyi ndi matenda ambiri a fungal mu zomera zambiri ndipo amafika ku dzungu, kuphatikizapo zukini. Zimakhudza makamaka masamba, koma zimatha kuoneka pa zimayambira komanso pa petioles. Mukadwala ndi powdery mildew, mawanga oyera amapangidwa pa masamba a zukini. Patapita nthawi, mawangawo akuwonjezeka, kupanga kamodzi kokha, tsamba limatha.
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- chinyezi;
- kumwa kwambiri nayitrogeni feteleza;
- osati bwino kutsuka nthaka m'dzinja.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Kugwiritsira ntchito sikwashi ku matendawa kumapangidwa ndi imvi (mmunda: 20 g / 10 l madzi; mu wowonjezera kutentha: 40 g / 10 l madzi); nthaka yakuda (300 g / 100 sq. m); sodium phosphate yosasunthika (50 g / 10 l madzi); isophene.Ndi kufalikira pang'ono kwa powdery mildew, amapezeranso timapepala ndi nthaka sulfure ndi ndondomeko yamadzimadzi (1 makilogalamu / 3 l madzi, amaumirira masiku atatu, mavuto, kuchepetsa 1 l / 3 l madzi). Amagwiritsanso ntchito fungicides kwa zukini: "Topsin", "Bayleton".
Downy mildew (perinospora)
Zizindikiro. Downy mildew imafalikira pa masamba - ang'onoang'ono, mawanga owopsa ndi chikasu chowoneka choyamba. Pamunsi mwa tsamba la tsambali mumapezeka imvi patina, kumene bowa-pathogen amakhala. Pamene matendawa afalikira masamba kutembenukira bulauni, madera okhudzidwa amatha. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu masamba a chikhalidwe amamwalira. Chotsatira chake, kuphwanya mitengo yopanga photosynthesis kumachitika. 
Zokongola zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa apitirire.
- mame ambiri;
- zovuta;
- mvula yambiri kumalo obiriwira ndi greenhouses;
- zotsalira zokolola zotsalira.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Pofuna kuteteza peronosporosis m'munda, nkofunika kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda musanabzala, kutsatira malamulo a zaulimi, manyowa zukini ndi mchere ndi zokongoletsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito foliar kuvala yankho la nitroammofoski ndi nthaka, boron, molybdenum.
Pa nthawi yoyamba ya mankhwalawa, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito potassium permanganate (2 g / 10 l madzi). Amalimbikitsidwanso mankhwala ndi biologics ndi fungicides ndi potaziyamu feteleza feteleza. Mankhwala ndi chlorine dioxide, Bordeaux zamadzimadzi ndi Topaz ndi mankhwala Oxy adziwonetsera bwino. 
Kuchiza mankhwala a zukini, kupopera mbewu ndi fungicides molingana ndi njira izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito: systemic fungicide - masiku 10 nthawi - kulankhulana ndi fungicide - masiku asanu nthawi - zowononga fungicide - masiku 10 nthawi - kukhudzana fungicide, ndi zina.
Black nkhungu dzungu
Zizindikiro. Mawanga ozungulira kapena mawanga a mtundu wofiira ndi chikasu pamasu a zukini ndiwo umboni wa matenda omwe ali ndi fungal matenda a nkhungu yakuda. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chipika chimapangidwa pa masamba omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, kamene kali ndi spores za bowa.
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- kutaya kwambiri kwa mabedi;
- mbewu yolephera;
- zotsalira zamasamba zatsalira m'munda chisanafike.
Fusarium wilt
Zizindikiro. Fusarium ndilo matenda opweteka kwambiri omwe amakhudza mitsempha ya zomera, yomwe imatsogolera ku imfa yake yonse mpaka mizu.
Zizindikiro zoyamba ndizozizira mofulumira kwa masamba komanso zimayambira.
Zokongola zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- dothi lodzala ndi namsongole;
- zotsalira zowonongeka;
- maluso osokoneza bongo komanso kusintha kwa mbewu.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Kulimbana ndi fusarium kufota kumaphatikizapo kuthetsa zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kuti matendawa apitirire. Pamene kutenga kachilombo mu wowonjezera kutentha kudzafuna malo onse. Komanso, zomera zonse zowonongeka zimawonongedwa pamodzi ndi clod ya nthaka.Kuwonjezera pa matendawa, zukini imayambanso matenda opatsirana pogonana - zithunzi, komanso bulauni malo, ascochytosis, ndi zina zotero.
Mukudziwa? Popeza zukini amadziwika ndi ochepa kalori komanso osakhala wowonjezera, amauzidwa kuti ayambe kudya zakudya za anthu omwe amafuna chakudya. Kuwonjezera apo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo nthawi zonse kungachepetse mphamvu za mafuta m'thupi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, zimathandiza kwambiri m'maganizo, ndipo zimathandiza kusunga masomphenya.
Kodi kuthana ndi tizilombo zukini
Zosambira zimagwidwa ngati tizilombo ta zomera za dzungu, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe timayambitsa mbewu zina.
Gulu la Aphid
Zizindikiro. Ngati mwadzidzidzi masamba anu zukini anayamba kutembenukira chikasu, kupiringa ndi owuma, yesani kuyang'ana pansi pa tsamba la tsamba. Ngati mukupeza tizilombo tochepa (1.25-2 mm) tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mumadziwa kuti munda wanu umagwidwa ndi aphid. Kuwonjezera pa masamba, nsabwe za m'masamba zimapweteka ku mphukira ndi mazira - imayamwa madzi kuchokera kwa iwo. Pambuyo pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda takhala ndi kachilomboka, ziwalozi za zukini zikufota, zomera zimasiya kukula ndikufa. 
Zotsatira zoletsa. Monga nsabwe za m'masamba zimayamba kukula namsongole, mabedi a sikwashi ayenera kukhala udzu nthawi zonse. N'zosatheka kunyalanyaza masamba osagwa kapena mazira - ayenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga. Mukamawona vwende aphid ayenera kupopera mankhwalawa "Intravir", "Spark", "Decis".
Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira za karbofos, yambani masamba ndi sopo yothetsera (100 g / 10 l madzi). Kupewa njira zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito: chithandizo cha fodya infusions (1:10 madzi, kutsindika tsiku, kuchepetsa 1: 3) ndi yarrow (1 makilogalamu a masamba ouma / madzi otentha 10, amaumirira masiku awiri). 
Kubzala pafupi ndi zamasamba, zomwe zimayambitsanso nsabwe za m'masamba, monga adyo, mpiru, basil, marigolds, peppermint, etc., zimathandizanso.
Ntchentche yoyera
Zizindikiro. Whitefly ndi tizilombo toyera tomwe timayera timene timadyetsa zomera. Malo ake omwe amakonda kwambiri ndiwo greenhouses ndi minda yambiri ya masamba. Pogonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo tawo pamwamba pa tsamba timapanga uchi kapena pedi, ndipo pansi pamunsimu Whitefly iwo amakonda kukhala ndi mphutsi zawo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda n'kopweteka koyambirira chifukwa m'madera omwe adagunda, bowa zakuda kapena tizilombo tina tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingathe kukhazikitsa. 
Zotsatira zoletsa. Pofuna kuthetsa mliri uwu, tizilombo tina timagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo obiriwira - Mwachitsanzo, enkarzia kapena macrolofus bug. Adani a chilengedwe a whitefly m'madera otseguka ndi ladybugs.
Njira zolimbana ndi zovuta zomwe tingathe kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito misampha ya glue kuti ipeze tizilombo komanso kupopera mbewu ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Amagwiritsanso ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo: "Aktellika", "Konfidora", "Fufanona", "Pegasus", ndi zina zotero.
Kangaude mite
Zizindikiro. Nkhupakupa zimakondanso kumamatira pansi pa mapepala. Izi ndizochepa (tizilombo toyambira 0,3-0.4 mm) zakuda, zofiirira, zobiriwira. M'malo ogonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timapanga. Pambuyo pake, opanda masamba a madzi a dries. 
Chomera chonse pa chiwonongeko cha nkhupakupa chimaphimbidwa ndi cobwebs. Amayamba kugwedezeka kumbuyo, kukula kwa zokolola komanso kuchepetsa kutentha kwa kutentha. Makamaka kwambiri tizilombo timafalikira m'matope otentha ndi owuma.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Mwa kutsatira malamulo a zaumisiri zamakono, mungachepetse chiopsezo cha nkhuku mumunda wanu. Akawoneka, mankhwala ndi masamba a adyo, decusions a anyezi peel, ndi mbatata nsonga akulimbikitsidwa.
Mankhwala amatha kupangidwa pokhapokha ngati mankhwalawa atuluka (Acartan, Karbofos, Metaphos, Phosphamide, etc.) komanso mankhwala.
Mphukira imuluka
Признаки. Ростковая муха относится к вредителям, который повреждает всходы кабачков и многих других растений. Это небольшое (3-5 мм) насекомое серого цвета. Pofuna kubwezeretsa mphutsi, imapezeka m'chaka. Pambuyo poyika mazira, mphutsi zimawonekera masiku awiri, ndipo patatha masabata awiri amapita kukaphunzira. Kuwombera pansi. Kuvulaza koopsa kumamera mbewu ndi mbande. 
Zotsatira zoletsa. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zikuphatikizapo kuwonongedwa kwa namsongole ndi zotsalira zokolola, pambuyo pokumba nthaka.
Slugs
Zizindikiro. Slugs kudya zukini masamba, zimayambira, maluwa ndi kuwononga zipatso. Chifukwa cha zochita zawo, zimapangitsa kuti zokolola zazing'ono ziwonongeke komanso zimawonongeka masamba. Kuwonjezera apo, slugs zimathandiza kuti matenda a zomera ndi matenda.
Zotsatira zoletsa. Kubzala adyo, mpiru, tsabola wowawa, lavender, sage m'madera - ayenera kuopseza slugs.
Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, gwiritsani ntchito misampha yapadera ya slugs. Kukonzekera kwachilengedwe ndi kotheka ulimi wothirira Phasmarhabidis hermaphrodit. 
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi slugs ndizovuta kwambiri. Pochita izi, gwiritsani ntchito 5% yokonzekera granular metaldehyde, mkuwa sulphate, nthaka superphosphate.
Tikukhulupirira kuti, mutatha kuwerenga nkhaniyi, simudzakhalanso ndi mafunso ngati, chifukwa chiyani masambawo amachokera pa zukini kapena chomwe chimawomba pachimake chimatanthauza. Ngati muli ndi zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro za matenda, njira zothandizira ndi kuziletsa, mudzatha kusunga zukini nthawi ndi kuteteza tizilombo kuti tifalikire ku mbewu zina zomwe zikukula pa tsamba lanu.
