Pakati pa mafakitale onse ndiwo zamasamba. Ndipotu, minda yapamwamba kwambiri imakhala yoyamba pa ulimi wawo, koma eni ake a nyumba zazikulu za m'nyengo ya chilimwe amayamba kuwapeza. Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi njira yopezera thonje. Timapeza zambiri za thonje ndi momwe zimawonekera.
Kulongosola mwachidule
Limeneli ndilo dzina lodziwika bwino lomwe limagwirizanitsa mitundu yoposa 50 ya zomera. Kugawa kwawo kunayamba nthawi yomweyo ndi India ndi America. 
Onse oimira chikhalidwe ichi ndi a herbaceous one-kapena-year-olds. Kutalika kumatha kufika mamita awiri. Mphuno yamtunduwu imapangidwa bwino, imapita ku kuya kwa masentimita 30.
Pazomwe zili pansipa, pakukula, nthambi zam'mbali (8-15) zimayambika. Nthambi zimagawanika kukula ndi zipatso. Zoyamba zili pansi pa tsinde ndipo zimayambira pang'onopang'ono. Zipatso zimapitirira pamwamba pawo, malingaliro ndi ofooka. Ndi pa iwo pambuyo maonekedwe a maluwa zipatso mabokosi anapanga. 
Masamba omwe amawoneka ngati atatu kapena asanu alibe amakhala osakanikirana, ndi ma potioles oblong amawoneka pa iwo. Mu mitundu yoyambirira, nthambi za chipatso zimakula kuchokera ku zitsamba za masamba 3-4, ndipo pakapita mitundu amawonekera pa 5-7 mzere.
Ndikofunikira! Koti ndi yotentha kwambiri. Mbeu zimakula mwamsanga pa 22 ° C ... + 24 ° C, pamene zimakhala zobiriwira komanso maluwa mukufunikira + 25 ° C ... + 30 ° C.
Maluwa akuluakulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana (nthawi zambiri oyera kapena achikasu) ali ndi halo ya 3-5 pamakhala ndi calyx iwiri ya toothed, yomwe imayambika pansalu yaikulu kwambiri itatu. Mu July-September mumatha kuona momwe maluwawo amatseguka m'mawa, ndipo pafupi ndi chakudya chamadzulo amakhala ofiira pang'ono (mungathe kuwona maluwa okongola a thonje). 
Mitundu ikasintha n'kukhala yofiira, maluwawo amauma ndi kugwa. Mu September ndi Oktoba, zipatso zofanana ndi bokosi za mazira ozungulira kapena kuzungulira kuzungulira. Pakhoza kukhala zipatso zokwana 200 pa chitsamba chimodzi.
Akakhwima, bokosilo limaphwanyaphwanya ndikuphwanyidwa, mbeu 5-10 zimatuluka mmenemo, zophimba ndi 5-55 mm kutalika. Kuchokera mu bokosi limodzi kuchotsa 2 mpaka 10 g wa yaiwisi.
Achibale a thonje ku banja la Malvaceae ndi Mallow, Stockrose, Hibiscus.
Mu chiwerengero cha ulimi, chofunika kwambiri ndi mitundu inayi ya thonje:
- wamba (iye ndi Mexico);
- Peruvian;
- mtengo;
- udzu.
Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu yosiyana kumadalira mikhalidwe ya dera, kumene amakulira mtundu wina wa thonje. Ku mbali ya Ulaya, Transcaucasus ndi Central Asia, kawirikawiri amapanga mzere wamba ndi nsonga zapamwamba ndi zazifupi. Mitundu yotsalayo ya latitudes yathu imatengedwa ngati "exotics."Mukudziwa? Mitundu yokhayokhayo yokha isasinthidwe, koma ikulima mwakhama. Mwachitsanzo, ku Australia, gawo lawo muzolimo ndiloposa 80%, ndipo alimi anafika pachimake chofunika kwambiri mu 2004.
Ikani mmbuyo
Chinthu chofunika kukolola bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyemba poyendetsa mbewu. Chikhalidwe ichi chimapangitsa nthaka kupanga, kumathandiza kudziunjikira humus. Pambuyo pake, nthaka imatuluka bwino, mpweya umayenda bwino.
"Mipikisano yambiri" ikuwoneka ngati izi: 6-7 minda ya thonje "imakonzedwa" ndi massifs 2-3 alfa. Ngati nyemba sizinabzalidwe, musadandaule: tirigu ndi nyemba zilizonse zimatengedwa kuti ndizo zowonongeka. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa beets ndi chimanga. 
Ntchito yokonzekera
Musanafese, muyenera kuphunzira zambiri, komwe dothi limakula bwino.
Njira yoyenera idzakhala malo opanda mchere "zopanikizana." Madzi akumtunda ayenera kuikidwa m'manda - madzi osungira madzi ndi osafunika. Nthaka iyenera kubweretsedwa ku chikhalidwe chofunidwa kuyambira autumn, muzigawo zingapo.
Ndikofunikira! Kuzungulira kasinthasintha pa thonje ndikopindulitsa kwambiri kulima kwamtundu umodzi. Agronomists anapeza kuti ngati "kusintha" ndi nyemba, pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya madzi okwanira komanso pafupifupi 35% ya feteleza amapulumutsidwa pa chisamaliro.
Kukonzekera kwa dothi
Zochitika zoterezi zachepetsedwa kukhala zotsatirazi:
- Kumapeto kwa August ndi kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September, malo omwe anagawira mbewu amamera. Izi zimachitika mutatha kukolola nyemba. Pa nthawi yomweyi, khasu limafalikira pang'ono, ndi 5-6 (pa nthaka yolemerera - mpaka 10) onani. M'pofunika kuchotsa mbewu zotsalira ndi namsongole.
- Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi kugwidwa kwakukulu kwa autumn. Mapula a pulawo awiri amatha kukhala akuya masentimita 40.
- Mofanana ndi kulima, mankhwala a herbicide angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Njira yotentha namsongole ndi rhizomes imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.
- Nthaka yamchere imatsukidwa komanso imasulidwa kachiwiri (ndi khama kapena alimi).
- Kuzungulira kwa kasupe kumayamba ndi kuvunda kwa mwendo awiri. M'madera omwe nyengo yozizira imapangidwa m'zaka khumi za February.
- Nthaka yofooka imadyetsedwa ndi manyowa pambuyo polima.
- Gawo lotsiriza ndi "ndime" ndi wolima pamtunda wa masentimita 5-8.
Alimi ambiri amatha kuthirira m'nyengo yozizira, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Pambuyo pa chinyezi chotere kumapeto kwa nyengo (ngakhale kusanayambe), chiseliness ndithudi. Imeneyi ndi njira yopanda nthaka yopanda masentimita 8-15 ndi zotsatira za kulowa. 
Kukonzekera Mbewu
Mu maphunzirowo ndi apamwamba kwambiri, zofunikira za mbeu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ku chisanu. Mitundu yokha yokhayo imapereka zokolola zolimba - "zosowa" anthu sakhala ndi moyo.
Kukonzekera kumayendetsedwa ndi mawotchi kapena mankhwala. Yoyamba ndiyo kuchotsa pad (padera kapena yodzaza). "Chemistry" yachepetsedwa kukhala mankhwala ndi vapors a hydrochloric kapena sulfuric acid.
Mukudziwa? Koti anafika ku Ulaya m'malo mochedwa - Agiriki anali oyamba kuyesa mu 350 BC. Ku India, anayamba kulima chomera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC, ngakhale kuti Aigupto, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yake pofika pakati pa zaka chikwi zitatu zapakati pa BC, amaonedwa ngati apainiya.
Kutentha kwapadera ndi kutentha kwa mpweya:
- Mbewu imakhala pamlengalenga masiku 20-30.
- Kwa disinfection kutenga trichlorophenol mkuwa kapena 65% fentiuram (osapitirira 12 kg / 1 t).
- Asanafese, amathiridwa madzi kwa maola 9-10. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala m'malo mwachitsulo (mankhwala atatu ndi maola 8-12). Pankhani iyi, matani 1-6 amatenga 500-600 l madzi.
Zokonzekera zitatha, muyenera kuyembekezera kutentha ndikuyamba kufesa. 
Kufesa mbewu
Kutentha kwa dothi labwino kwa kufesa bwino ndikosavuta + 12 ° C ... + 14 ° C. Musamafulumire - mu nthaka yozizira mbewu zidzangofa.
Mbewu ya seeding imadalira njira yosankhidwa, koma mulimonsemo, mzere wa mzere uli osachepera 60 masentimita. Nazi zitsanzo za machitidwe awa:
- 60x25 (yabwino kwa ndondomeko ya timadontho);
- 60x45 ya chisa chaching'ono;
- 60x60 ndi njira yachitsulo-cluster;
- Gwiritsani ntchito mbewu zam'mzere pamtunda wa 90x15 ("sitepe" ikhoza kuwonjezeka kufika 20 cm kapena 30 cm).
Ndikofunikira! Mbewu yokha imadalira pa kufesa magawo. Choncho, njira yogwiritsira ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito (pogwiritsa ntchito kuchotsa pamwamba pa masentimita 5) imapereka phindu lolemera ku maiko atatu pa hekitala.
Muzitsimezi zimayika mbeu 2-3, kuya kwa embedment kwa dothi lopanda imvi ndilo 4-5 masentimita (pamphepete mwa mtsinje kapena pamtunda kumatenga pang'ono: 3-4 masentimita).
Kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kumadalira njira yosankhidwa, koma wasankhidwa kuti asalepheretse kuchepetsa zomera. Chiwerengerochi chikhoza kusiyana pakati pa 40 ndi 70 kg / ha. Mbeu zambewu zimakhala zocheperapo kusiyana ndi pubescent - mwachitsanzo, 40-42 makilogalamu a "mbewu zoyera" amafunika pa mahekitala 1, pamene "fluffy" kumalo omwewo mumafunika makilogalamu 60. Kuchuluka kwa zomera - kuyambira 80 mpaka 120,000 / ha. 
Mizere imathandizidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi 80% coranoil. 1.5-3.5 makilogalamu a mankhwalawa amaphatikizidwa ku madzi 100 (mahekitala ambiri), ndipo osakanizawo amawapaka ndi mzere waukulu (30 cm).
Kusamalira mbewu
Pofesa chirichonse, momveka bwino, ino ndi nthawi yowona momwe thonje yamatomu "yatengera" ikukula ndipo zomwe zimasamalira izo zikuwoneka.
Kuthirira Chofunika choyenera, zonsezi ndizofunikira. Pa kukula kwa mizu, 2 ulimi wothirira watha: woyamba pamene masamba 3-5 akuwonekera, ndipo yachiwiri masiku 20-25 pambuyo pake, pa siteji yoyenda. Maluwa ndi maonekedwe a zipatso amafunika kuthira moyenera: 6-7 "cubes" pa 1 "zokhoma" minda. Chotsitsa chomaliza chimatha pasanathe masiku asanu ndi asanu ndi awiri asanafike masamba.
Mukudziwa? Pofufuza nsalu, yotengedwa m'manda a Faraos, akatswiri apeza kuti kuchuluka kwao kuli ofanana ndi nsonga 500 pa inchi. Izi ndizosautsa kuposa nsalu zamakono (350 n / inchi)!Zofunikira komanso kulimazomwe zimachitika mwapadera ambiri pa nyengo:
- Yoyamba - kuya kuya 8-10 masentimita (mwamsanga pamene mphukira imaonekera).
- "Kuthamanga" koyambirira musanayambe kuthirira.
- Pamene dothi limauma pambuyo kuthirira.
Kwa ndime yomwe ili pakati pa kanjira, 12-15 masentimita amaikidwa, pa zisa - chimodzimodzi 8-10 masentimita. 
Kwa mulching pafupifupi kufalitsa kuli koyenera. Inde, "wokonda". Malo osungirako otchuka kwambiri amakhalabe manyowa. Imakhalabe ndi chinyezi, koma imakhalanso ndi zotsatira - kumwa kwambiri (25 makilogalamu pa "mbewu"). Udzu ndi woyenera kumadera ang'onoang'ono, koma alimi nthawi zambiri samapewa udzu chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha tizirombo.
Kudzetsa udzu imaphatikizansopo mankhwala ochizira a herbicide. Posankha zipangizo zotere, tiyenera kulingalira zaka za zomera, nyengo ya kukula ndi nyengo.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi tizirombo. Mafosholo ndi nthata, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi njenjete sizimagwirizana ndi njira zochepa, pamene "zamoyo" zamphamvu zimakhala zovuta kwa zomera ndi nthaka. Monga momwe zingathere, mankhwalawa amapewa. Amathandizira komanso kuwonongeka kwa kanthawi kobiriwira.
Feteleza
Koti amafunika kudyetsa ndikuyankha bwino ngati apangidwa molondola. Pano pali magawo akulu a chakudya cha nyengo:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa a pitting (tani imodzi yokha idzafunika kwa mahekitala 1). Nthawi zambiri amalowetsedwa ndi manyowa m'momweyi. Onetsetsani kuwonjezera phosphorous oksidi (makilogalamu 20) ndi potaziyamu (makilogalamu 55-60). Chithandizo choterechi chimagwira ntchito makamaka pa nthaka yofooka kapena pamene mbeu zowonongeka.
- Chovala choyamba chodyera zomera chimagwa pa tsamba lokula masamba. Pa 15-17 masentimita kuchokera mumzere ndi pansi pa 2-4 masentimita kuchokera ku ulimi wothirira, nayitrogeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito (35-50 kg / ha).
- Pakati pa potaziyamu zimakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito (makilogalamu 50-60 a oksidiyamu ya potaziyamu adzakwanira). Koma zambiri zatha kale - osachepera 22 cm kuchokera mzerewu, kupita pansi masentimita 4 kuchokera "m'madzi".
- Maluwa ndipamwamba kwambiri phosphorous, nthawi zambiri amatenga 25-27 makilogalamu.
Ndikofunikira! Mavitrogeni akulangizidwa kupanga magawo ang'onoang'ono: 25 peresenti ya mlingo wapachaka musanafese, ndi zina zotsala - zomwe zimagawidwa mofanana pakati pa kufesa ndi zowonjezeretsa nyengo.
Kukolola
Kusonkhanitsa kumachitika mu September-Oktoba. Mabokosi (makamaka m'madera akulu) zipse ndi kutseguka mosiyana, kotero muyenera kuyendera njira zosiyanasiyana. 
Mabokosi awiri pa nthambi zonse atsegulidwa pamtundu waukulu wa zomera, iwo amachititsa kuti awonongeke. Sikuli ngati kuchotsa masamba asanayambe kusonkhanitsa. Kupindula kwa njira yotereyi ndikoletsa kuti kufalikira kwa matenda ndi tizilombo toononga kuti tisawonongeke.
Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito izi:
- Kusakaniza kwa sodium silicofluoride ndi calcium cyanamide mu chiŵerengero cha 2: 1. Cyanamide yopanda 40 kg / ha.
- Magnesium chlorate (9-10 makilogalamu / ha).
- Chlorate-chloride calcium, yomwe imakhala yocheperako.
Mukudziwa? Poyerekeza chiwerengero cha kulima mbewuyi ndi kupanga nsalu, chiŵerengero chapeza kuti aliyense wokhala padziko lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito thonje la makilogalamu 7 pachaka.
Pokonzekera kukonza, kumbukirani kuti onse opanga mankhwala, kupatulapo cyanamide, aumitse kwambiri zomera. Zonsezi zimayambitsa kukula kwa ziphuphu, motero "kukankhira" tchire chochepa. 
Kuyeretsa palokha kumapangidwa kaya mwadongosolo kapena makina. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati chipatso cha 55-60% chatsegulidwa.
Ndi chisamaliro chachilendo, pafupifupi 27-30 magulu a zitsamba akuchotsedwa pa hekitala.
Ndikofunikira! Mukamachoka, kulima pakati pa mzere kumagulu awiri. Ngati inu mumanyalanyaza izi, mizu imangokhala "yotseka."
Kusinthanitsa
Tikapeza kuti ndi chithandizo chotani cha thonje lamtengo wapatali, timapitirira kumapeto.
Kuwongolera zinthu zakuthupi ndi ntchito yayitali komanso yovuta. Zimaphatikizapo akatswiri awiri ndi njira zambiri zamakono. 
Mwachidule, njira yochokera kusonkhanitsa mpaka kulandira nsalu zikuwoneka ngati:
- Zipangizo zamakono zimatengedwa kumalo osonkhanitsa kapena ku kampaniyo. Khwerero yoyamba ikusonkhanitsa podutswa pa nthaka youma.
- Pambuyo kukolola thonje ndizitsulo zamagulu ndi mbewu, zomwe zinyalala zambiri zimatsatira. M'magulu apadera, ulusi umasiyanitsidwa ndi zosafunika zilizonse.
- Kenaka chingwe chotalikitsa chimasankhidwa (pafupifupi 20 cm). Izi ndizofunika kale. Zipangizo zamakono zopitirira 25 masentimita amawonedwa kuti ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, amaloledwa kuvala zovala, nsalu zoonda ndi zogona. Zofupikitsa ndizojambula za thonje zamtsogolo ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za mabomba.
Ziwoneka ngati zophweka, koma kwenikweni ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri yomwe imasowa zipangizo zamtengo wapatali.
Tsopano, chisamaliro cha thonje si chinsinsi kwa owerenga athu. Tikukhulupirira kuti kufesa sikudzakhalanso kovuta. Zokolola zabwino!
