Mitundu ya Mbewu

Sizinali zopanda kanthu kuti chimangacho chimatchedwa "mfumukazi ya kumunda" panthawi inayake ya mbiri yakale ya dziko lathu. Ichi ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri, koma anthu ochepa amadziwa kuti zaka zoposa zisanu zikwi zisanu, anthu apanga mitundu yambiri ya udzu (zoposa mazana asanu ku Russia okha!) Kusiyanasiyana ndi kukoma, mtundu, kucha, ntchito ndi zambiri zina magawo. Ganizirani zochepa chabe mwazinthu zotchuka kwambiri.

Zamkatimu:

• Waxy
• Zino za dzino
• Siliceous (Indian)
• Starchy (mealy, wofewa)
• Kuphulika
• Filmy

Chimanga chokoma

Dzina lachilatini ndi Zea mays saccharata.

Shuga, okoma kapena, monga imatchedwanso, chimanga cha chimanga ndi chimanga chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri. Njere za zomera izi ndi zachikasu, mtundu ukhoza kukhala wochuluka kwambiri, kuchokera ku zoyera mpaka ku lalanje. Kamvedwe kakang'ono, mtundu wake wowala. Popeza chimanga chokoma chimakula pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo chimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, sizingatheke kunena momveka bwino za mawonekedwe a mbewu: nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, koma zimakhala zozungulira, zowonongeka komanso zokhoma pamphuno. Kukula kwa tirigu ndi pafupifupi 2.2 x 1.7 cm. Mbali yaikulu ya mawonekedwe, monga dzina limatchulira, ndi shuga kwambiri kwambiri. Malingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwake, chiwerengero chake chimasiyanasiyana pakati pa 6-12%.

Ndikofunikira! Nkhumba za chimanga ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa nthawi zonse zisanafike bwino ndipo nthawi imodzi yophika mofulumira. Pambuyo pa mankhwalawa, pang'ono pang'ono, shuga mkati mwake umasanduka wowuma, chimbudzi chimapweteka ndipo chimakhala chokoma kwambiri. Pali mitundu yambiri yokoma, yomwe ngati isayambe yophika, imasanduka raba weniweni, sizingatheke kutafuna!

Kawirikawiri, mtundu uwu wa mbewu umakula pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kumene nyengo zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kukula mmunda wokonda kutentha, koma maiko khumi omwe ali ndi mitengo yapamwamba m'derali ndi awa:

1. United States of America.
2. Republic of People's Republic of China.
3. Brazil.
4. Argentina.
5. Ukraine
6. India
7. Mexico
8. Indonesia
9. South Africa.
10. Romania.

Pali ntchito zitatu zazikulu za chimanga chokoma:

• kudya ndi kuphika mbale zatsopano;
• Kukonzekera mwa mawonekedwe a kutetezedwa kapena kuzizira;
• kukonza ufa.

Tikukulangizani kuti mudzidziwe nokha ndi zochitika za kubzala ndi kusamalira chimanga m'munda.

Pa mitundu yambiri ya shuga chimanga, mukhoza kulemba mabuku, makamaka, pakati pa mitundu yomwe imakula bwino pakati, ziyenera kutchulidwa:

• oyambirira hybrids (nyengo ya kucha - masiku 65-75) - "Dobrynya", "Voronezh 80-A", "Golden Golden" 401, "Sundance" ("kuvina kwa dzuwa") ndi "Super Sundance" (F1), "Mzimu" (F1) Nthenda yamchere (F1), Treacle (F1), Tchuthi (F1), Sheba (F1), Legend (F1), Mphika wamagazi, Honey-Ice Nectar;
• pakati hybrids (kupuma nthawi - masiku 75-90) - "Divine Paper 1822", "Merkur" (F1), "Bonus" (F1), "Megaton" (F1), "Challenger" (F1), "Krasnodar", "Krasnodar shuga 250, Don tall, Pioneer, Boston (F1), kapena Syngenta;
• mochedwa hybrids (kucha kwa masiku 85-95) - "Madzi a mchere", "Kukoma katatu", "Gourmet 121", "Kuban shuga", "Athlete 9906770", "Polaris".

Ndikofunikira! Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mwa chiwerengero chonse cha chimanga chomwe chimakula padziko lonse lapansi, gawo la Zea mays saccharata lili ndi magawo oposa theka la magawo asanu okha, omwe ali ndi matani oposa 9 miliyoni! Mbali yaikulu ya mbewuyi imapatsidwa chakudya ndi mafakitale (kuti apange mitundu yowonjezera, ufa, mbewu).

Waxy

Dzina lachilatini ndi Waxy Maize kapena Zesa mays ceratina.

Mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a njere zikhoza kukhala zosiyana, zachikasu, zoyera, zofiira, koma ngati mitundu ina ya chimanga ndi nyemba zoyera, malinga ndi muyezo, osapitirira awiri peresenti ya mitundu ina amaloledwa, ndiye kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo ndi yochepa kwambiri: chigawocho chawonjezeka kufika 3%.

Chizindikiro cha kuthamanga ndikutsika kwambiri, ponena kuti chimanga sichimangobzalidwa kokha pafupi ndi mitundu ina, komanso kuteteza kusakaniza kwa mbewu nthawi yokolola ndi yosungirako. Poyamba, mtundu uwu unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwasintha, pamene, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu zina zakunja, kachilombo ka feteleza kambirimbiri kameneka kanatuluka mmera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kusinthika kotereku kunalembedwa ku China, komabe kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchitika m'madera ena. Mu 1908, mbewu za mitundu iyi zidatumizidwa kuchokera ku China kupita ku United States ndi J. Farnham, wodzipereka ku Tchalitchi cha Reformed, koma sadalandire gawo lonse: mwatsoka, monga kusintha kwa chilengedwe chonse, chimanga cha mchere chimasonyeza kuti chimachitika poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya chimanga, nthawi zambiri amafa komanso amapereka zochepa.

Mbali yaikulu ya waxy chimanga ndi mitsempha yawiri yozungulira embryo (endosperm), yomwe imapangitsa tirigu kuwonekera bwino, ngati kuti uli ndi phula la sera. Mkati mwake, nsalu iyi imakhala ndi powdery structure, yomwe imapangitsa starch ya chimanga chotero kukhala wapadera katundu.

Chifukwa cha mavuto obereketsa, chimanga sichikukula pamlingo waukulu monga, dentary. Malo akuluakulu opanga mafakitale ndi People's Republic of China.

Cholinga chachikulu cha chimanga chosakanizika ndi kupanga, kupanga ndi makhalidwe omwe ali opindulitsa kwambiri pamtundu uwu. Choncho, mu mitundu yonse ya chimanga cha chimanga muli amylopectin ndi amylose mu chiŵerengero cha pafupifupi 7: 3, pamene mu Waxy Maize amylopectin pafupifupi 100%. Chifukwa chaichi, izi zimapatsa ufa wochuluka kwambiri.

Mukudziwa? Asayansi a ku America ochokera ku Illinois Hatfield ndi Bramen adayesa zowonjezera zowonjezera zotsamba za chimanga pazinthu zamasamba ndipo zinakhala zochititsa chidwi: pamene mutengapo chimanga chamtundu wambiri, kupindula kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ana a nkhosa ndi ng'ombe kumakhala kosavuta kwambiri ngakhale panthawi ya chakudya chochepa, monga nyama zina (kuphatikizapo nkhumba) sizinawonetsere njira yeniyeni yowonjezerapo.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, wowuma wa chimanga wochuluka amasiyanitsa mosavuta ndi mitundu ina ya chomera cha chimanga mwa kuchita zosavuta ndi ayodini. Zopangidwa kuchokera kwa Waxy Maize zidzathandiza kuti ayodini ya potassium ikhale yofiira, koma wowuma kuchokera ku mitundu ina idzayambitsa yankho la buluu.

Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya Waxy Maize ndi chochepa, ndipo kusiyana pakati pawo sikukulu kwambiri. Choncho, pakati pa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mitundu imeneyi imatchedwa Strawberry, Oakhakanskaya yofiira ndi Pearl. Zonsezi ndizo zapakati pa nyengo, koma Strawberry amakula pang'ono kuposa Oakhanskaya ndi Nacre. Zizindikiro zosiyana za mitunduyi zimaperekedwa patebulo.

Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mitundu itatu ya pamwambayi ili ndi kukoma kwabwino, kotero kuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu maonekedwe owiritsa, osati yogwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa wowuma.

Zino za dzino

Dzina lachilatini ndi Zea mays indentata. Zimasiyanasiyana ndi mbewu zazikulu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachikasu, mawonekedwe aatali komanso aatali. Minofu yomwe ili pafupi ndi embryo ili ndi mapangidwe osiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana: pakati ndi pamwamba pa kernel, ndi yotayirira ndi powdery, ndipo molimba kumbali. Nkhumba zikakula, khalidwe lachisokonezo limayambira pakati, lofanana ndi dzino (choncho dzina).

Chinthu chosiyana kwambiri ndi mitunduyi ndi zokolola kwambiri (makamaka poyerekeza ndi Waxy Maize) ndi mitengo yapamwamba yopulumuka. Chomeracho ndi chamtali, champhamvu komanso cholimba. Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwa tirigu, imaperekanso ma volume abwino a silage.

Ndikofunikira! Nkhumba za mano zimatengedwa kuti ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuchokera ku malingaliro a zachuma, mtundu wa chimanga, kotero kuti mayiko onse-opanga mbewu za mtundu uwu, omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, samanyalanyaza Zea mays indentata.

United States ikhalabe mtsogoleri wadziko lonse pakupanga chimanga cha mano. Zea mays indentata amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri:

• kudya;
• kutenga wowuma, ufa, tirigu;
• chakudya cha ziweto;
• kumwa mowa.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya Zea mays indentata, yomwe ambiri amadziwika mochedwa kapena kumapeto kwa nthawi yosasitsa (ichi ndi chifukwa chake izi zimatsimikizira kupirira ndi kukolola). Kulongosola kwa mitundu ina ya mitunduyi kumaperekedwa patebulo.

Siliceous (Indian)

Dzina lachilatini ndi Zea Mays. Maonekedwe a tirigu ndi ozungulira, nsonga ndizogwedeza, kapangidwe kake ndi kofiira komanso kosalala. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana. The endosperm pamwamba pa pamwamba, kupatula pakati, ndi olimba, pakati ndi powdery ndi zosasangalatsa.

Kuyeretsa mbewu yambewu kumathandiza chipangizo chotchedwa kruporushka, chomwe chingapangidwe ndi manja.

Mbali yapadera ya izi zosiyanasiyana ndizomwe zimakhudza kwambiri, koma apa ndizolimba. Mofanana ndi mitundu ya mano, Zea Mays amatha kukhala opindulitsa komanso opirira, koma poyerekeza ndi gulu lapitalo, chimanga cha siliceous chimakula mofulumira kwambiri. Chinthu chosiyana ndi mitundu ya ku India ndi kusowa kwa chipsinjo chomwe chimakhala pamwamba pa njere.

Zea Mays indurate yakula padziko lonse lapansi, koma wofalitsa wamkulu ndi United States of America, ndipo izi zimalimidwa makamaka kumpoto kwa dzikolo.

Mukudziwa? Zimanenedwa kuti chimanga choyamba chimene chinabwera ku Ulaya chinali cha mtundu wa Zea Mays indurate. Ndipo adalandira dzina lakuti "Indian" chifukwa Columbus anabweretsa ku America, yomwe, monga tikudziwira, woyendayenda wamkulu analakwitsa ku India.

Munda waukulu wa kugwiritsira ntchito chimanga cha silicaous ndi kubzala mbewu (tirigu, flakes, etc.). Komabe, mu mawonekedwe aang'ono, ali ndi kukoma kokoma ndipo ndi okoma kwambiri.

Ndi bwino kumvetsera mitundu iyi ya chimanga cha chimwenye:

Starchy (mealy, wofewa)

Dzina lachilatini ndi Zea Mays Amylacea. Maonekedwe a tirigu ndi ozungulira, otsika kwambiri, nsonga ndi yowonongeka, pamwamba ndi yosalala koma osati yowala. Mutu wokha ndi woonda, koma mbewu ndi zazikulu. Mtundu ndi woyera kapena wachikasu.

Onani mitundu yabwino ya chimanga.

Mbali ya zinthu zosiyanasiyanazi ndi zakutali (mpaka 80%) zomwe zimakhala zofewa, zomwe zimaphimba mimba, powdery pamwamba, zofewa. Gologolo mu chimanga ichi pang'ono. Ikani, monga lamulo, mochedwa, koma imakula kwambiri ndipo imapeza wobiriwira wobiriwira. Amakula ku South America, komanso kum'mwera kwa USA, pafupifupi samachitika kunja kwa America. Munda waukulu wa ntchito ndi ufa wopangidwa. (chifukwa cha starch wofewa, chimanga cha mtundu uwu ndi chosavuta kwa processing processing). Kuonjezera apo, mchere ndi ufa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku chimanga cha mealy, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mowa. Mu mawonekedwe ophika amakhalanso okoma kwambiri.

Kuphulika

Dzina lachilatini ndi Zea mays everta. Maonekedwe a mutu wa Zea mays everta ali a mitundu iwiri: mpunga ndi ngale ya balere. Mitundu yoyamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi chimaliziro cha khola, m'chigawo chachiwiri chimamangidwa. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana - wachikasu, woyera, wofiira, wakuda buluu komanso wofiira.

Pezani mitundu yambiri ya chimanga yabwino yopanga popcorn.

Mbali yapadera ya mtunduwo ndi mapuloteni apamwamba komanso mawonekedwe a tirigu. Nsalu yoyandikana ndi mimbayo ndi yovuta ngati galasi komanso yandiweyani, koma pafupi pomwepo pamakhala mimba yosasuntha. Imeneyi ndi yomwe imapangitsa kuti iwonongeke pamene ikuwotchedwa, kutaya peel pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwa madzi kutuluka mkati mwa chipatsocho. Chifukwa cha "kupasuka", tsamba la endosperm limatembenuzidwa mkati, kutembenuza tirigu kukhala choyera choyera cha powdery, nthawi zingapo zazikulu kuposa kukula kwa nkhumba za chimanga. Mitundu ya chimanga imakhala yaying'ono kuposa ya mitundu ina ya chimanga, ndipo mbewuzo zimakhalanso zing'onozing'ono.

Pa mafakitale, Zea mays everta amapangidwa ku United States, koma posachedwa mayiko ena ayamba kulabadira mitundu iyi chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa mapikomo.

Cholinga chachikulu cha mtundu uwu wa chimanga - ndithudi, kupanga mpweya. Komabe, kuchokera ku mitundu iyi ndizotheka kupanga ufa kapena tirigu.

Zina mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri za Zea mays zakhala zikuyenera kutchula izi: "Chozizwitsa Chokha" (chikasu ndi chofiira, choyamba ndi cha mpunga zosiyanasiyana, chachiwiri - balere), "Mini Striped", "Red Arrow", "Volkano", "Lopai-Lopai "," Zeya. " Zizindikiro zawo zazikulu zili m'munsimu.

Mitundu yambiri ya chimanga imakula ku Russia, monga Erlikon ndi Dnieper 925.

Filmy

Dzina lachilatini ndi Zea mays tunicata.

Mwinamwake uwu ndiwo mtundu wobiriwika kwambiri wa chimanga. Mu mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a tirigu, amasiyana pang'ono ndi mabala omwe amadziwika bwino ndi maso athu, koma mbali yake ndizo kukhalapo kwa msinkhu winawake womwe umakwirira mbewu. Odyetsa amasonyeza kuti kusamalidwa kumawonetseredwa mu phenotype ya gene tu.

Mukudziwa? Mzinda wa South America mwina ndi malo omwe anabadwira mumzinda wa Paraguay kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Pali njira yomwe Akasi akale amagwiritsira ntchito chomera ichi mu miyambo yawo yachipembedzo.

N'zosatheka kudya Zea mays tunicata, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake, chifukwa chake mtundu uwu wa chimanga sungapangidwe pa mafakitale. Kuwonjezera ku South America, zomera zimapezeka ku Africa ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chamtundu. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwachabe kwa ntchito yobereketsa poyenderana ndi chimanga cha mtundu uwu sikunayendetsedwe, chotero, pa mitundu ya munthu aliyense sangathe kuyankhula.

Pezani pamene chimanga chikukolola tirigu ndi silage ndi momwe mungasunge bwino chimanga popanda kuwonongeka.

Kotero, lingaliro la "chimanga" ndi lalikulu kwambiri ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi chidebe chokoma chachikasu, chophikidwa mwachikondi kunyumba kapena kugulidwa pa gombe la Black Sea mu August. Mbewuyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga wowuma ndi ufa, mafuta amachotsedwa mmenemo, mowa amapangidwa komanso biogas (osatchula ma popuni), amadyetsedwa nkhuku ndi zinyama zina, kuphatikizapo ng'ombe - ndipo pazinthu izi zilipo, Mitengo yowonjezereka.