Nkhunda zapakhomo zimayendera anthu kuyambira pachiyambi cha mbiri yake. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo imadetsa malingaliro, ndipo kukongola kwa mitundu yokongoletsera kumakopa anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kubzala mbalamezi. Lero tikambirana za njiwa yovuta, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yake ndi zikhalidwe zosunga mbalame zokongoletsera.
Chiyambi
Chiyambi cha mtunduwu ndi chotsutsana: alimi ambiri a nkhuku amalingalira malo obadwira a Holland kapena Belgium, kumene m'zaka za m'ma 1600 nkhunda zinali phokoso la kutchuka. Komabe, pali zolembedwa zolembedwa pa 1345, zomwe zimatchula nkhunda za ku Spain, zomwe zimapanga goiter. 
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, dziko la Spain lidalamulidwa ndi mafumu a Habsburg, ndizomveka kuganiza kuti anyamatawa adalowa mu Ulaya kudzera m'mayiko omwe anali mbali ya ufumu wa Austro-Hungary.
Zomwe zimabereka
Kwa zaka mazana angapo, chifukwa cha kuswana, abambo oposa makumi awiri anawonekera: kakang'ono ndi yaikulu, opanda nsapato ndi mathalauza, okhala ndi mtundu waukulu wa mitundu.
Dziwitseni ndi malamulo ozala nkhunda, komanso zokhudzana ndi kukonzanso nkhunda zotere monga Armavir, Kasan, Nikolaev pamwamba-kumtunda, kumenyana kwa Turkey, nkhondo ya Baku, nkhondo ya Turkmen, Uzbek.
Koma pali zizindikiro zochuluka zowonjezereka zomwe zimapezeka mu mtundu uwu:
- kukwanitsa kutengera goiter;
- gawo lapamwamba;
- thupi;
- mapulaneti apatali;
- mchira wautali;
- machitidwe othawa ndege.
Kufotokozera za mitundu
Talingalirani za mitundu ya abakha yomwe imakonda kwambiri alimi a nkhuku.
Ndikofunikira! Mbalame zokongoletsera zimayamikirika chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwawo, koma zimakhazikika mosiyana ndi mitundu ina chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi chawo chochitira nkhanza.
Chingerezi chachikulu
Tsatanetsatane wamabambo:
- thupi - lalikulu, kutalika mpaka masentimita 50, otsika wowongoka;
- mutu uli mu mawonekedwe a ovini, aang'ono;
- Mlomo uli wautali, cropper ndi wowala, osati wawukulu, koma amafotokozedwa bwino;
- maso - anthu amdima, achikasu kapena a malalanje;
- khosi - motalika, mwachidziwikire kupachikidwa pafupi ndi chifuwa;
- chifuwa - yopapatiza;
- kumbuyo kuli kolunjika ndi kupanikizika mu dera la mapewa;
- mapiko - zolimba thupi, osati kudutsa pamchira;
- mchira - kumapeto kwa nthenga;
- paws - kutalika kwa ntchafu mpaka pala 18 masentimita, pamakhala yaitali, mpaka masentimita 5, nthenga (5-12 zidutswa), kupanga mbale mu mawonekedwe a mbale;
- mtundu - woyera, imvi, wakuda, wachikasu, wofiira, wofiira. Mu mtundu, pali mawanga ndi maonekedwe oboola mtundu wa goiter.
Brno
Brno saddle bottoms amadziwika ndi kudumphadumpha. Kuonjezera apo, mbalame zimatha kuyika goiter kwambiri kuti mlomowo umangidwe mmenemo.
Mukudziwa? Malingana ndi wolemba mbiri wina wotchedwa Georges Darnavell, njiwa zothandizira zinathandiza banja la munthu wamalonda Rothschild kulipira ndalama zoposa £ 40 miliyoni muzogulitsa katundu. Ataphunzira kuchokera ku njiwa ya njiwa za kugonjetsedwa kwa Napoleon pansi pa Waterloo, Rothschild anakhumudwitsa pa malonda, ndikufalitsa zabodza zokhudza zotsatira za nkhondo kupyolera mwa osankhidwa. Zotsatira zake, adatha kugula zinthu zambiri, ndikubweretsa ndalama zambiri.
Kufotokozera mawonekedwe:
- thupi - lalitali ndi lalitali;
- mutu - oblong ndi mdima wandiweyani;
- Mlomo - woonda ndi wam'mwamba pamwamba-ponse;
- maso - ndi mtundu wowala pafupifupi wakuda, nthawi zina, mthunzi wachikasu;
- khosi - zophimbidwa ndi mphepo yozungulira;
- chifuwa - yopapatiza, yaitali;
- kumbuyo kumapangidwira, kupitirira pamapewa;
- Mapiko - yaitali, anadutsa pamchira;
- mchira - wotalika kuposa mapiko pafupifupi 2 centimita;
- paws - kuchokera pa ntchafu mpaka pakati pakati pa masentimita 12, popanda zishango;
- mtundu - wakuda, woyera, imvi, wachikasu, wofiira, mtundu. Zofiira zazikulu zimakhala zofiirira, zoyera.
Tambani Czech
Mitundu yonyamula nsalu imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yakale kwambiri pakati pa njiwa yobzala nkhunda. Anawabweretsa ku Moravia, Brno, adalumikizidwa ku mawonetsero.
Mbalameyi ikuwoneka ngati iyi:
- thupi - mpaka masentimita 37 m'litali;
- mutu ndi wosalala, osati wawukulu;
- Mlomo - mu mawonekedwe a mphete, yopindika, ndi tsinde;
- maso - pafupifupi wakuda, akhoza kukhala ndi zofiira zofiira;
- khosi - yaitali, ndi goiter woboola peyala;
- chifuwa - lonse;
- kumbuyo kuli kwakukulu pamapewa, kunyoza, tapers pansi;
- mapiko - ofooka, oyandikira, ophweka;
- mchira - bwino kupitiriza mzere wa kumbuyo;
- mapazi - mpaka mamita 17 masentimita, amawombera yaitali ndi fluffy;
- Mtundu - mitundu iŵiri, kuphatikiza ndi mthunzi woyera ukhoza kukhala wachikasu, imvi, yofiira, chizindikiro chachikulu - gulu la mtundu pamutu.
Pomeranian
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu ya Pomeranian ndi thupi lalikulu ndi mutu womwe umagwedezeka pamene ukupweteka goiter.
Kufotokozera:
- thupi - kutalika mpaka 52 cm;
- mutu - yosalala, kukula kwapakati;
- Mlomowu uli wamphamvu, mwa anthu omwe ali ndi mpweya wowala mtundu wa khofi ndi mkaka, mulimonse uli wakuda;
- maso - mdima kapena wachikasu mu zojambula zowala;
- khosi - motalika, ndi goiter yaikulu;
- chifuwa - kwambiri, makamaka m'munsi mwa thupi;
- kumbuyo - ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono m'dera la mapewa, mofanana ndi kutalika kwake konse;
- mapiko - otsekedwa, pafupifupi ofanana ndi kutalika kwa mchira;
- mchira - ndi nsonga yozungulira, lonse;
- miyendo - yaitali, yokutidwa ndi nthenga zazing'ono mpaka 14 masentimita;
- mtundu - woyera, awiri-woyera (woyera-imvi, woyera-wakuda), wachikasu, wofiira. Mwinamwake malo mu mawonekedwe a mtima kapena chiwombankhanga pa goiter, mu mdima wakuda mdima wamdima.
Amamera
Nthano yachinyama imapezeka chifukwa cha kudutsa kwa Chingerezi chachikulu ndi Brno blowball. Kunja, akubwereza mobwerezabwereza kholo lalikulu la Chingerezi, kupatula kutalika kwa thupi - ndi masentimita 35 okha.
Mukudziwa? Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, ndege ya ku Britain inagonjetsedwa ndi ndege za Germany ndipo inakakamizika kunama pansi chifukwa cha mabomba. Chifukwa chopulumutsira panali nkhunda zomwe zinali m'bwato ndipo zamasulidwa pa chifuniro mu capsule ya torpedo chubu. Mbalame imodzi yokha idatha kuthawira ku Britain ndipo imapereka uthenga kuchokera kunyanja yamadzi. Chifukwa cha chipulumutso cha asilikali, adapatsidwa "Victoria Cross," kenako pamangomanga chipilala.
Kwa zina zonsezi, zimakhala zofiira, zimakhala ndi mapiko aatali, ndi mapepala apamwamba komanso mchira wabwino kwambiri. Zovala zake ndizowoneka ngati nthenga, ntchafu yake ndi yowongoka, mchira wa dziko lapansi sukhudza. Mutu suli wawukulu, wofewa, ndi maso a bulauni kapena alanje ndi mulomo wobiriwira mtundu wa mvula. 
Zinthu zosamalira ndi kukonza
Pofuna mbalame, nkhunda imamangidwa, ndikuwerengera malo osowa malo - theka la mita imodzi payekha. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, khola lotseguka limalumikizidwa kuti ziweto zizikhala ndi mpweya watsopano.
Pofuna kusamalira nkhunda bwino, zidzakuthandizani kuphunzira kudyetsa njiwa ndi nkhunda yaikulu kunyumba, kupanga njiwa ndi manja anu, nkhunda zingati zimakhala kuthengo ndi panyumba, momwe nkhunda zimakhalira, momwe mungasamalire nkhunda m'nyengo yozizira, momwe mungasamalire nkhunda kuchokera nkhunda komanso ngati n'zotheka kudya nkhunda.
Chipinda
Chipinda cha mbalame chiyenera kukhala chofunda ndi chofewa, zojambula ndi dothi zimatsutsana. Kutentha kotentha sikutsika kuposa + 5 ° С ndipo sikuposa 20 ° С. Chiwerengero cha mbalame chiposa 10, chipinda chiyenera kugawidwa m'zipinda chifukwa cha chifuwa cha odwala matendawa.
Onetsetsani kukonzekera zisa, pafupifupi masentimita 30 pa malo payekha, pafupifupi masentimita 3 masentimita. Muyeneranso kulingalira malo abwino ndi nambala ya omwera ndi odyetsa. Madzi ayenera kukhala oyera nthawi zonse, choncho ndikofunikira kusankha mapangidwe abwino a mbale zodyera.
Ndikofunikira! Ndikofunika kuchita njira yothetsera matenda osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera kawiri pachaka.Mabokosi aang'ono ayenera kuikidwa ndi udzu. Zotsatira zonse ndi chipinda chomwecho chiyenera kutsukidwa nthawi zonse, zomwe ndizo kupewa matenda ambiri.
Zimene mungadye
Choncho, zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo zinthu zotere:
- njere, dzira yophika - gwero lalikulu la mapuloteni, chakudya, mafuta;
- masamba, zipatso ndi zitsamba, mafuta a nsomba - mavitamini ndi mchere;
- chipolopolo cha pansi ndi coquina - calcium;
- zitsamba zam'madzi (chamomile, sitima) - kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Maziko a chakudya ndi mbewu za tirigu - tirigu, chimanga, balere, koma zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ziyenera kupezeka monga:
- apulo, peyala;
- kaloti, kabichi, mbatata;
- sorelo, nettle;
- nyemba.
M'nyengo yozizira mbalame zimadyetsedwa katatu patsiku, m'nyengo yozizira - kawiri, koma gawolo laphatikizidwa, zomwe zili ndi mavitamini mmenemo. Kawirikawiri gawo patsiku liyenera kukhala magalamu 50 a chakudya. Madzi ayenera kukhalapo nthawi zonse, oyera komanso atsopano. 
Kufotokozera mwachidule: kupweteka, mosakayikira n'koyenerera chidwi - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa miyala yakale kwambiri komanso yokongoletsa kwambiri. Kuwathetsa ndi kophweka, chinthu chachikulu ndikuyenera kuganizira maonekedwe onse a zomwe ali nazo.
