Lerolino, obereketsa sanakhazikitsenso mtundu wa njiwa zokhala ndi maonekedwe okongola. Oimira a banja ili la mbalame amalandira dzina lofanana ndi mtundu wawo.
M'nkhaniyi tidzakambirana za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maonekedwe a nkhunda, komanso momwe mungapezere mbalame zokongolazi.
Kodi pali nkhunda zokongola?
Asanayankhe funsoli, tiyeni tikumbukire mbiri ya chiyambi cha nkhunda komanso nthawi ya mbalamezi ndi mbalamezi. Malinga ndi akatswiri a zachipatala, abambo akuluakulu a nkhunda anali mbalame zakuda zomwe zinapezeka padziko lapansi zaka zoposa 30 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zidagawidwa m'mabanja awiri: ma dodos ndi njiwa. 
Oimira a banja loyambirira anali mbalame zazikulu zolemera makilogalamu 25, zomwe zinawonongedwa m'zaka za zana la 16 chifukwa cha kusaka kosasamala kwa nyama zokoma.
Mukudziwa? Nkhunda ndizomwe zimayenda pamtunda, zomwe zimatha kuyenda ulendo wautali pamtunda wa makilomita 100 / h.
Oimira a banja lachiwiri adatha kukhala nawo ku Egypt zaka zoposa 3,500 zapitazo. Masiku ano pali mitundu 292 ya mbalamezi, 11 zomwe zimakhala m'mabwalo athu. Nkhunda zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthenga - kuchokera ku monotone mpaka variegated, ndi mitundu yosiyana kuchokera yoyera mpaka yakuda.
Komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana - mtundu wa lalanje, wofiira, wofiira, njerwa yamdima, golide wonyezimira, ndi splashes ya buluu-buluu ndi wobiriwira.
Mfundo zazikulu za kusankha, kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chachikulu cha ma genetic, zathandiza kuti pakhale maonekedwe osiyanasiyana mu njiwa ya nkhunda 
Chifukwa cha ntchito yosankha, poyerekeza ndi mitundu yoyambirira, mbalame zamapiko a buluu zasintha osati mtundu wokha wa nthenga, komanso mawonekedwe awo: nkhunda zimakhala ndi mchira wosiyanasiyana, nkhwangwa, mawonekedwe a paws ndi tufts, komanso zizindikiro zina zomwe zimachokera.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhunda
Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalamezi, monga tanenera pamwambapa, imasiyana ndi achibale awo omwe ali ndi miyendo yambiri pamapiri awo olemera. Kuwonjezera apo tidzanena za oyimira owala ambiri a banja la mbalame ndi malo awo.
Mukudziwa? Nkhunda ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimapanga mgwirizano wamphamvu pa moyo wawo wonse. Kulera anapiye, amawawathira ndi mkaka wa goiter, womwe iwowo akhoza kupanga.
Mdima
Nkhunda zakuda (zomwe zimatchedwanso Japan nkhunda) zimaonedwa ngati mitundu yosiyana. Mbalamezi zili ndi mdima wandiweyani padziko lonse, kupatula mutu, womwe umakongoletsedwa ndi mithunzi kuchokera ku mdima mpaka utoto wofiirira. 
Pali anthu aakulu kwambiri, mpaka masentimita 40 m'litali. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mbalameyi ili ndi mutu waung'ono, khosi lalitali komanso thupi lokhala ndi thupi. Mlomowo ukhoza kukhala wochokera ku wakuda mpaka wakuda buluu kapena wobiriwira.
Khosi, chifuwa ndi kumbuyo kumbuyo - ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira kapena zofiirira. Paws - kuchokera wofiira wofiira mpaka wofiira kwambiri.
Malo ozoloŵera a mbalame zakuda ndi nkhalango zakuda za Japan, Korea ndi China. Mbalame zimadyetsa zipatso zamtengo wa mitengo kusiyana ndi zomwe zimathandiza pakugawa.
Pezani mtundu wa njiwa zomwe ziri zazinyumba, zosazolowereka, ndi zokongola, ku positi.
Kufiira
Nkhunda zofiira zimagawidwa mu 6 subspecies ndipo ndi mbalame zazikulu: kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana ndi 30 mpaka 35 masentimita, ndi kulemera - kuchokera 220 mpaka 300 g. Thupi lakumwamba liri ndi mtundu wofiirira wofiirira, ndipo pamtanda ndi nthenga zimaponyedwa muzitsamba zobiriwira . 
Mphuno ndi m'mimba zimakhala zofiirira, mtundu wa chifuwa umakhala wosiyana ndi mmimba ndipo umakhala wofiira mofanana ndi gawo lapamwamba la thupi. Mapikowo ndi ofiira-imvi, imvi-bluu mkati, mchira uli wofanana ndi mapiko pamwamba. Bill ndi wakuda, paws ndi ofiira. Mphuno ya amuna ndi yowala kwambiri kuposa ya akazi.
Mbalame za mitundu imeneyi zimakhala m'nkhalango zamadzi, malo osungiramo madzi, m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja, zomwe zili m'madera ambiri a South ndi North America.
Ndikofunikira! Oweta nkhumba amafunika kuyang'anira vitamini K mokwanira pa zakudya zawo, apo ayi magazi awo amatha kugwa kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuvulaza pang'ono thupi kumayambitsa magazi.
Pinki
Ngakhale kuti dzina lake ndi lopanda, nkhunda zozizira sizimasiyana ndi maluwa okongola, koma amakhala ndi pinki yofiira. Nthenga za mtundu wobiriwirawo zili ponseponse m'thupi la mbalamezo, kupatula mapiko ndi mchira, ndipo zimakhala zofiirira ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zakuda. 
Nthenga za mchira - mwa mawonekedwe a fan, ndikuponyera mthunzi wofiira. Mutu waung'ono wozungulira umabzalidwa pa khosi lalifupi, maso ndi a mdima wonyezimira, ndi mphete yofiira kuzungulira iwo, mlomo ndi wofiira wofiira pamunsi, ndi pinki yoyera pampoto. Mapazi opanda nthenga, wofiira.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, thupi la mbalamezi likhoza kukhala 30-38 masentimita, ndi kulemera kwawo - mpaka 350 g.
Nkhunda za pinki ndi mbalame zosawerengeka, zokhala ndi zofiira zomwe zimakhala pazilumba za Mauritius ndi Egret, zomwe zili ku Indian Ocean. Kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, mtundu wa pinki wapangidwa bwino mu zojambula kuzungulira dziko lapansi.
Chobiriwira
Reicheno, kapena nkhunda zobiriwira za Japan, zimakhala ndi zitsamba zobiriwira, zokhala ndi ma chikasu, azitona ndi zofiirira. Mbalamezi sizimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, zimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 30 ndikulemera pafupifupi 250-300 g. 
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi thupi lokhala ndi mchira waung'ono ndi nthenga pamasaya awo. Anthu ena ali ndi mphuno, kupindikizidwa ndi mithunzi ina, mwachitsanzo, khosi lingakhale lofiira, lodziwika kwambiri pa thupi lobiriwira.
Mbalame zili ndi nthenga zobiriwira zimakhala kum'mwera kwa Asia, m'madera ena a ku Africa, ndipo zimapezekanso ku Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island ndi ku Kuril Islands.
Amakonda maphwando a nkhalango zowonongeka komanso zosakanikirana, kuphatikiza mtundu wa chivundikiro cha nthenga ndi masamba obiriwira, chifukwa chake ndi kovuta kuona ndi kuwona. Mbalame zimadyetsa zipatso zing'onozing'ono - zipatso zamatcheri, mbalame yamatcheri, mphesa ndi elderberry.
Ndikofunikira! Akatswiri a zamagulu a ziweto amachenjeza kuti njiwa zikhoza kupatsira matenda osiyanasiyana a mbalame kwa anthu: trichomoniasis, salmonellosis, knuckles, ornithosis, ndi matenda a chideru.
Mdima ndi woyera
Mbalame, zojambula zakuda ndi zoyera, zimakhala mu continent ya Australia. Mphuno kutsogolo kwa khosi ili ndi choyera choyera, ndipo nsana uli wojambulidwa. Mawere amachoka-choyera, koma kukuta nthenga za mapiko ndi mchira ndi malasha wakuda. 
Thupi ndiloling'ono, masentimita 25 m'litali. Mapiko aliwonse amakhala ndi masentimita 15 okha. Mlomo wa nkhunda ndi waung'ono, wakuda.
Gray
Nkhunda zazikulu zimatengedwa kuti ndi mbalame zomwe zimafala kwambiri komanso zimakonda mbalame za nkhunda. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalamezi kumakhala masentimita 35, ndipo mapiko ake amakhala ochuluka masentimita 65. Thupi liri ndi mafunde aakulu ndi fodya, ndipo mutu ndi khosi zingapangidwe ndi masamba kapena siliva. 
Maso - achikasu kapena golidi. Mapikowa amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pa nthenga zowuluka, ndipo mchira uli ndi mzere wakuda pamphepete mwake. Kulemera kwa thupi la njiwa imakhala kuchokera ku 200 mpaka 400 g. Kugawa kwa imvi mbalame ndi Europe, Africa ndi Asia.
Zovala
Nkhunda zamtundu wakuda zimaphatikizidwa mu magulu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe ali ndi nthenga zoyera za chipale chofewa padziko lonse, ndipo mchira wawo ndi wakuda. Mlomowu ndi wautali, maso ndi ochepa komanso owala, miyendo ndi yaifupi komanso yofiira. 
Mbalamezi zimasinthidwa ndi maulendo ataliatali. Mbiri ya maonekedwe a mitundu yakuda-tailed sichidziwika.
Mukudziwa? Mmodzi mwa minda ya anthu ku New York, ku Manhattan, chojambula cha Donald Trump, Purezidenti wa United States, akukhala pa benchi ndikudyetsa nkhunda ndi ma tweets monga ma cookies.
Brown
Nkhunda zoyera zimawoneka mofanana kwambiri ndi oimira imvi a banja ili la mbalame, koma ndizochepa pang'ono. Mtundu wa nthenga umakhala wakuda, ndipo bulauni imathamanga pa mapiko ndipo nsalu yofiira kumbuyo. 
Mlomo wa pamunsi uli wofiira, ndipo nsonga yake ndi yachikasu. Makhalidwe a mbalame zofiira ndi Pakistan, Central Asia, Northern India ndi Afghanistan.
Ofiira
Nkhunda zofiira (zomwe zimatchedwanso kuti Roma) zimakhala ndi nyama za nkhunda ndipo zimatengedwa ngati zimphona pakati pa achibale awo - kutalika kwa thupi kufika pa masentimita 55, kulemera kwake - kufika 1200 g, ndi mapiko ake mpaka mamita 1.
Onetsetsani mndandanda wa nkhunda zabwino kwambiri za nkhunda ndi malangizo pa kubereka nkhunda za nyama.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zofiira zofiira, zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yozungulira pamutu. Mtunduwu umapezeka ku Ulaya konse. 
Pomalizira, timatsindika kuti mitundu ya mtundu wa njiwa imakopa chidwi chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo okongoletsera, amafunika kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri ndi akatswiri, ndipo amakongoletsa miyambo ndi zikondwerero zambiri.
