Ng'ombe (ng'ombe) - ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yamtengo wapatali ya ziweto. Malingana ndi zolemba za ng'ombe, zimatchulidwa ngati nyamakazi, ndondomeko ya mafupa, chigawo cha mafupa, banja la bovids ndi ana a ng'ombe.
Cholinga chachikulu cha zinyama izi ndi kupanga nyama ndi mkaka, kubisala, nthawi zina ubweya, komanso kukokera mphamvu. M'dziko lamakono, kubereka ng ombe kukukula mochulukirapo.
M'nkhani ino tiyesa kufotokozera zambiri komanso zofikira pazinthu zachuma ndi zachilengedwe za ng'ombe.
Constitution ndi kunja
Kapangidwe ka thupi ka nthumwi ya ng'ombe imakonzedweratu ndi chibadwidwe ndipo zimadalira zikhalidwe za kundende. Mu mkaka ndi ng'ombe zamphongo, ndizozoloŵera kusankha nyama molingana ndi dongosolo la P. M. Kuleshov.
Zinyama zamoyo zinagawira ng'ombe kukhala mitundu iwiri ya malamulo:
- Wanyengerera. Kagulu kamene kamaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito ndi ng'ombe zoyamba. Nyama imakhala ndi mutu waukulu ndi nyanga zamphamvu ndi mafupa akuluakulu. Khungu la anthu omwe ali ndi tsitsi lakuda. Mitundu yamphamvu, minofu yambiri imakula bwino.
- Wofatsa. Kwa anthu amtundu umenewu amadziwika ndi khungu lofewa, tsitsi lofewa, minofu ndi mafupa ochepa. Kapangidwe kabwino ka thupi ndi khalidwe la nyama, nyama ndi mkaka.
- Khalani (wouma). Zinyama zazitali zowonongeka zimakhala ndi zokolola zambiri ndi mphamvu zabwino. Khungu ndi loonda komanso zotanuka. Mafuta oundana ndi hypodermic cellulose sakula bwino. Mitsempha ndi minofu ndizolimba. Gululi ndilofunika kwambiri pakati pa abambo odziwa bwino ntchito yobzala mkaka ndi nyama.
- Zosokera (zofiira). Anthu omwe ali ndi chilakolako chosasunthika amakhala ndi khungu lolemera kwambiri, amakhala ndi minofu yamtundu wochepa, thupi lofooka, ndi minofu yowopsya. Ng'ombe mwamsanga zimakhala zolemera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azipereka zopatsa nyama. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kukolola mkaka mu nkhaniyi sikunakhazikitsidwe mokwanira.
Ndikofunikira! Ndikofunika kupeza makanda pamaso pa katswiri. Wodziwa bwino katswiri kapena veterinarian akhoza kuweruza thanzi la deta, kunja ndi zina.
Mitundu yamalamulo mu "mawonekedwe oyera" siwowonjezeka. Kawirikawiri, maonekedwe a magulu osiyanasiyana amawoneka ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana. Zinyama zoterezi ndizosiyana kapena mtundu wamkati. 
Mchitidwe watsopano wa ng'ombe umene unapangidwa ndi Yu K. Svechin. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake, wasayansi anatenga mlingo wa kukula ndikupanga mwana kukhala wamkulu. Svechin inkagawira ng'ombe kukhala mitundu itatu ya malamulo: mitundu yofulumira, yochepa kapena yopepuka.
Kwa akuluakulu, kugonana kwachiwerewere kumatchulidwa bwino. Ng'ombe zimaposa ng'ombe kulemera kwa 40-50%. Amuna amadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu kwambiri, mbali yawo ya kutsogolo imakula kwambiri. Zosamveka zosamveka bwino zazimuna kapena zachikazi zazimayi zimaonedwa kuti ndizopatukira ku chizoloŵezi.
Ng'ombe zimadziwika ndi kusintha kwa msinkhu mukumanga thupi. Choncho, ana amabadwa ndi miyendo yaitali, thupi lalifupi ndi laling'ono, ndi mapeto ake.
Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe yaikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi inkalemera makilogalamu 2,270. Dzina lake linali Mount Katadin. Mu girth anali pafupifupi mamita 4, ndipo atafota - mamita 88 masentimita.
Kawirikawiri kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda kumakhala 6-8% kulemera kwake kwa chinyama pokhala wamkulu, kutalika kwa malekezero ndi pafupifupi 70%, kutalika kwa phulusa ndi 55%, m'lifupi mwake thupi ndi 30-35%, kutalika kwa thupi ndi kutalika kwake ndi 40-45% kukula kwa nyama yaikulu. Ndili ndi zaka zambiri, kunja kumasintha chifukwa cha kusiyana kwake kwa mafupa, komanso ziwalo ndi ziwalo zina. 
Njira yamagetsi ndi chakudya chogwiritsira ntchito
Ng'ombe za m'mimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zidye chakudya chachikulu cha masamba. KRS ikuphatikizidwa mu gulu la ruminants ndi mimba yambiri ya chipinda. Ndicho chifukwa chachinsinsi ichi kuti zinyama zikhoza kuyambitsa zitsamba, zomwe ziri muchuluka kwambiri mu zimayambira ndi masamba a zomera.
Chigawo cha m'mimba chimayamba ndi kutsegula pakamwa pakamwa. Amatsatiridwa ndi chipika chomwe amalankhula. Idyani mazira pa lilime kuthandizira kuyesa chakudya ku kukoma.
Mano opangira (incisors) a ng'ombe ali pamsana. Pakati pa msipu, nyama yomwe imakhala ndi masamba ochepetsetsa imakanirira udzu mpaka kumapeto kwa nsagwada ndipo imalira. M'kamwa kameneka, udzu umakhala pansi ndi mano ndipo wothira mafuta.
Zingakhale zothandiza kwa inu kuti muwerenge zomwe ziyenera kuchitika ngati ng ombe yayambitsa poizoni kapena idya nyama yosweka.
Mimba ya ng'ombe imakhala ndi katatu, ukonde, buku ndi abomasum (m'mimba yeniyeni), zipinda zina zitatu zimatchedwa foregutts. Kwa akuluakulu, nthendayi imakhala pafupifupi 80% ya chiwerengero cha m'mimba. Mankhwalawa amachepetsanso chakudya.
Mitengo yopanda pake imabwerera m'mimba, imathamanganso ndikumeza. Zokwanira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimapezeka mu rumen, chifukwa cha chakudyacho. 
Kapangidwe kake ka ng'ombe Kuchokera ku rumen chakudya chambiri chimalowa mumtsinje. Mphungu yamkati ya meshati ikufanana ndi zisa: zazikulu za chakudya zimatha pano. Zakudya zosakanizidwa zowonjezereka zimagwira kutsogolo kwa khoka, zolimbikitsa mobwerezabwereza kufufuza chingamu.
Kuchokera pa gridi, gruel imadutsa koyamba mu bukhulo, kenako imagwiritsa ntchito makina opangidwa ndi makina komanso opangika. Kuonjezeredwa kwa zakudya zimapezeka mofanana ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi m'mimba imodzi.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chakudya chambiri chimagwera m'mimba, pomwe amagawanika ndi mphamvu ya hydrochloric acid ndi pepsin. Kenaka gruel mu tizilombo ting'onoting'onoting'ono timalowa m'katikati mwa matumbo. Apa villi ya mucous membrane imayamwa kuwonongeka kwa zakudya.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kubereka bwino ng'ombe ndizofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi chakudya cholimba. Kudyetsa nyengo kumunda wambiri kumathandiza kumapindulitsa. Onetsetsani kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zakudya: chakudya, beets, mikate, silage, tirigu. Ndikofunika kuti pakhale nthawi yopezera madzi abwino.Zinthu zosavuta zomwe zadutsa m'magazi ndi madzi zimasunthira pachiwindi, ndiye kuyenda ndi magazi kumtima, mapapo ndiyeno kufalikira thupi lonse. Gawo lomaliza la zakudya zopatsa thanzi limapezeka mumatumbo akuluakulu.
Video: ntchito ya m'mimba ya ruminants
Ng'ombe zokolola
Masiku ano ng'ombe zimapindulitsa kwambiri, mitundu yambiri ya ng'ombe, njuchi, yaks ndi zinyama zina. Pakubereka ziweto izi, munthu amapereka zakudya zofunika kwambiri (mkaka ndi nyama).
Mayi
Ng'ombe za mkaka ndizofunika kwambiri. Kukoma kwa mkaka wazimayi kumawonetsedwa ndi maonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mkaka. Nthawi yomwe imapatsa mkaka, ndiko kuti, kuyambira pa calving kufikira kutha kwa mkaka osakaniza kuchokera kumatenda a mammary, amatchedwa nthawi ya lactation.
Ng'ombe zabwino kwambiri za ng'ombe za mkaka zikuphatikizapo mitundu monga Yaroslavl, Kholmogory, steppe, Dutch, Ayrshire ndi Holstein.
Kutalika kwa gawoli mu ng'ombe ndi miyezi 10 (masiku 300-305). Ng'ombe yamakono yamakono imatha kupanga maola 80 a mkaka wamafuta tsiku ndi tsiku, yomwe ndi maola 24,000 a mkaka pa nthawi ya lactation. Chofunika kwambiri cha chiyero cha mkaka chimaposa zakudya zina zonse zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe. 
Mkaka wa khola umatengedwa ndi thupi la munthu ndi 95-98%. Lili ndi mapuloteni opindulitsa, lipids, chakudya, mchere komanso zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwira ntchito (mavitamini, michere, mahomoni). Koma zigawo zikuluzikulu za mkaka monga shuga ndi mkaka wa mkaka sizipezeka paliponse muzinthu zachilengedwe.
Zambiri zimakhudza zokolola za mkaka, zonse zomwe zimatengera cholowa chawo:
- Kawirikawiri, mkaka wabwino umatulutsa chakudya chokwanira komanso chokwanira, komanso kusamalira nyama. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kudya mokwanira nthawi ya msipu ndi nthawi youma.
- Zaka zinyama zimakhudzanso kupanga mkaka. Nkhuku zazing'ono zimabereka mkaka wocheperapo kuposa anthu omwe atha kukula. Ng'ombe, nthawi ya kukula imakhala pafupifupi zaka zisanu, kotero mpaka lachisanu lachisanu kapena chachisanu ndi chimodzi chakumwa kwa mkaka kumawonjezeka, ndiye kwa zaka zingapo zimakhala pa msinkhu womwewo, ndipo kuyambira 8 kapena 9th lactation imachepa kwambiri. Ndibwino kuti zikhale zovuta kunja, mkaka wamakono ukhoza kusungidwa ali ndi zaka 12-15.
- Kulemera kwake kwa nyama kumakhudza kwambiri kupanga mkaka. Kuwonjezeka kwa zinyama kuti pakhale mlingo woyenera (malingana ndi mtunduwu) kumathandiza kwambiri kupanga mkaka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuchuluka kwa chizindikirochi kumasonyeza chizolowezi chofuna kunenepa kwambiri.
- Udindo wofunikira umasewera ndi zaka zoyamba kudula. Nkhuku ziyenera kuikidwa mu msinkhu wa miyezi 16 mpaka 18, pamene kulemera kwake kuyenera kukhala 340-400 makilogalamu, ndiko kuti, 70% ya kulemera kwa ng'ombe yaikulu. Momwemo, ng'ombe zoweta ziyenera kuchitika pa msinkhu usanathe miyezi 27.
Nyama
Pa kupha ng'ombe, zokolola za nyama ndi 48-63%, zokolola za minofu ya adipose ya 2 mpaka 14% ya kulemera kwathunthu kwa nyama, ndipo zokolola zambiri za mafupa ndi 18-20%. Nthenda yamtundu wa nyama imawerengedwa ndi calorie yokhutira. Zotsatira za nyama, kulemera kwa phindu, komanso khalidwe la nyama zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa nyama, msinkhu, mafuta, ndi kugonana.
Nyama za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zimasonyeza zotsatira zabwino (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa Kalmyk, Hereford, Kazakh woyera, Aberdeen-Angus, Limuzinskaya, Shorthorn). Zakudya zamtundu ndi zoweta zimakhala zochepa kwambiri.
Mafuta odyetserako ng'ombe amatha kuchepetsa nthawi zonse komanso ndalama zomwe zimadya. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chiwerengero cha nyama zapamwamba kuchokera kupha nyama ya munthu wolemera makilogalamu 500 ndi 65%. Zizindikiro zotero zimatsimikizira phindu lalikulu komanso phindu la ntchitoyi.
Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe zili ndi mawonekedwe okwana 360, zomwe zimawathandiza kuona momwe munthu kapena wolombo amaonekera kuchokera kumbali zonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo amawona mitundu iwiri yokha - yofiira ndi yobiriwira.Kuwonjezera pa zinyama, kupanga nyama kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe zolerera ana, komanso kudyetsa ndi kusunga anthu akuluakulu. Zakudya zazikulu komanso zokwanira zimapereka phindu lalikulu tsiku ndi tsiku.
Nkhuku zowonjezereka zikawonjezeka ndi 850-1000 g, ndipo kukula kwa achinyamata ndi 1200-1500 g.Ngati ng'ombe zikapeza chakudya chokwanira, phindu la tsiku ndi tsiku silidzaposa 400-500 g.Masthead ndi kusaka pogonana
Pambuyo pa kubereka (kubereka), malo odyera azimayi amayamba kale pambuyo pa masiku 21-28, ndipo ayenera kuwonetsedwa panthawi yomweyi. Kuthamanga kwa mimba kumayamba pafupifupi maora 15 isanayambe kusaka (kuyang'ana bwino kwa mwamuna). Pachifukwa ichi, chiberekero chikuwululidwa.
Pamapeto a esuro, maselowa amayamba kukhala ovuta, omwe amasonyeza kukanidwa kwa maselo a epithelial mu zipangizo zamagetsi. Estrus yovomerezeka iyenera kukhala maola 30 (kuyambira maola 10 mpaka 56). Malingana ndi zamoyo, kusaka kwa mkazi kumatha masiku 3 mpaka theka ndi theka.
N'zosatheka kuzindikira kusaka, estrus yekha ndi kukakamiza kugonana ndizoonekeratu. Gawo ili likhoza kukhazikitsidwa pokhapokha ndi kuthandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wamwamuna kapena mwamuna wamphumphu. Kapena, mungathe kulingalira mwamsanga kuyambika kwa kusaka motengera zizindikiro zooneka.
Dzidziwenso ndi njira zoweta ng'ombe zakudzi.
Mkaziyo amadya kwambiri, amakhala wosasamala, amachepetsa zokolola mkaka, ndipo ziwalo zake zakunja zimakhala zowonjezereka ndipo zimafooka. Mayi akusaka sikuti amangofuna kuti ayandikire pafupi ndi abambo, koma amamupangitsanso kupanga khola. Gawo lachiwiri la kusaka ndilo nthawi yabwino kwambiri yothandizira.
Video: Ng'ombe yakupha Nthata yomwe imayambira mu ngalande yobadwa nayo imapangitsa kuti mbuzi ikhale ndi umuna. Zingakhoze kuwonedwa kuti akazi amawongolera mmbuyo, kukweza mmwamba ndi kukokera mchira pambali. Pali kukodza kobwerezabwereza m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Pasanafike kutha kwa kusaka, kutentha kwa thupi kwa mkazi kumadutsa ndi 1-1.5 ° C.
Mukudziwa? Otsatira chipembedzo cha Chihindu amaona kuti ng'ombe ndi nyama yopatulika, choncho chilonda ku India chimalipiritsidwa ndi ndalama zokwana madola 160 ($ 160). Ndipo chifukwa cha kupha nyama iyi munthu akhoza kutenga chilango cha ndende (mpaka zaka zisanu).
Potsirizira pake, ng'ombe zimadziwika ndi chipiriro, kudzichepetsa komanso kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe. Kubereka nyama izi ndi zopindulitsa komanso zophweka. Koma musanayambe kuphunzira za iwo zambiri zomwe zingatheke, komanso musankhe pasadakhale zomwe mukufuna kusunga ng'ombe. Tikukhulupirira kuti ndemanga yathu yaying'ono iyankha mafunso anu.
