Posankha mzere, ambiri a mahatchi amakonda mitundu yodabwitsa. Koma matayala osiyanasiyana, omwe timaganizira lero, ambiri amachititsa kudana ndi mantha. Zidzakhala za hakamor, tonnage yothamangira mahatchi. Kugwiritsira ntchito matayala amtunduwu ali ndi mabhonasi ambiri, onse pa kavalo komanso kwa munthu, ngakhale kuti odziwa zambiri komanso aluso okha akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito. Mofanana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa zida za akavalo, hakamora ili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake, komanso zina zomwe zili zoyenera kwambiri.
Kodi hakamora ndi chiyani?
Hakamora ndi mkondo wosasintha kuti ulamulire kavalo. Pogwiritsira ntchito mzere wong'onongeka, nkhono imayikidwa pakamwa pa chinyama, ndipo kunja kwake mphete zimamangirizidwa kumene zimamangiriza. Miyendo imatchedwanso maudindo, omwe amagwiritsira ntchito pakamwa, - chitsulo cholimba cha udilov, chomwe chimakulolani kuti muzitha kuyendetsa bwino kavalo. 
Hakamora ndi mzere wosiyana kwambiri wa mzere. M'malo mwa msampha, pamagwiritsidwe ntchito yapadera pamphuno, yomwe imayenda ndi wokwera pamahatchi, imayambitsa vuto, nkhope ndi mphuno ya nyamayo, kusonyeza malamulo ena.
Mukudziwa? Kale ku Igupto, mtundu wa hakamora woopsa kwambiri unagwiritsidwa ntchito - unali wotsika kwambiri moti unalepheretsa chinyama kupuma. Vutoli linathetsedwa ndi zochitika m'mphuno!Kuthamanga kwa kutentha kwa hakamora kumadalira zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira, ndi kutalika kwa uta ukutambasula. Kutalika kwake kutalika, kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri koonekera kwa mphuno. Kawirikawiri hakamory imapangidwa kuchokera kofiira. M'maseŵera othamanga, anthu okwera kwambiri okhawo angagwiritse ntchito hakamora omwe angamange kukhulupirira ndi akavalo komanso kumvetsetsa kwathunthu malamulo a nyama.
Mbiri ya ntchito
Liwu lakuti "hakamora" linakongoletsedwa ndi Achimereka kuchokera ku Chisipanishi (jacuima, xacuima), kumene kunachokera ku Arabia (sakima). Zosintha zofanana ndi hakamora zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito patangotha kubwezedwa kwa nyama zaka zoposa 4,000 BC. Hakamory yoyamba ikhoza kubwereka ku zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito ngamila. Patapita nthawi, hakamora inakhala yovuta kwambiri. 
Chothandizira chofunikira pa kusintha kwa mkango chinapangidwa ndi Aperisi mu zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. Anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kachipangizo kachitatu pa mphuno, motero amachepetsa katundu pamtundu wa kavalo. Pambuyo pake chidutswa chachitatuchi chinasunthira kuchoka pamphuno kupita kuchimake. Chitsanzochi chinali chosasangalatsa kwambiri moti chatsungidwa mpaka lero ndipo chimatchedwa mtundu wamakono wa hakamora (bosal).
Werengani momwe mungagwirire kavalo.
Nkhokwe za ku America zinabwereka njira yogwiritsa ntchito hakamora kuchokera ku Spain, kapena kuti abusa a ku Spain a vaquero, omwe akhala akutchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo lapamwamba. Iwo ankawona kavalo ngati wokondedwa, chotero iwo sanagwiritse ntchito njira zamphamvu kapena zachiwawa pogwira ntchito ndi nyama.
Malonda ndi nthenda yogwiritsidwa ntchito
Ubwino wa chipangizo:
- kukhala wodekha ndi wamtendere chitonthozo cha chinyama;
- Kukhoza kudya ndi kumwa;
- palibe chovulaza pakamwa.
Nthawi zina, kugwiritsa ntchito chikwama chochepa kungakhale kovuta kwambiri komanso koyenera kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito buku lachikale.
- Zosangalatsa zosamveka m'kamwa kamvekedwe (mavuto a mano, kuvulala, matenda, milomo yodulidwa, etc.). Hakamora amakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino nyamayo, popanda kumupweteka.
- Kuthamanga kwautali kwautali. Choyamba, pakapita mahatchi ataliatali, kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu zovuta sikofunikira, chifukwa hakamora ndi yokwanira kuti ilamulire ndi kugonjetsa chinyama. Chachiwiri, ngati palibe vuto, kavalo adzatha kumwa ndi kudya osasokonezeka, zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri pamtunda wautali.
- Fufuzani kavalo wamng'ono. Pogwiritsira ntchito mtundu umenewu, kavalo amakhala ndi chitonthozo cha maganizo komanso chitetezo cha thupi, pamene chimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale labwino, pamutu, pamutu ndi kumbuyo, sichimva bwino pakamwa, ndipo sichivulazidwa.
Mukudziwa? Mahatchi ali ndi malingaliro apadera a kununkhiza, kukulolani kuti mutenge mtima wa wokwera. Ngati munthu ali wamanjenje, nthawi yomweyo amafalitsidwa kwa nyama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulamulira. Kalekale, anthu adayika manja ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuti amanyenge mphuno.
Chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito chikwama chosagwira ntchito ndi awa:
- kufunikira kwa luso la wokwera ndi kumvetsetsa kwakukulu pakati pa iye ndi kavalo;
- kufunika kosintha ndi kuphunzitsa nyama;
- chiopsezo cha kuvulaza mphuno, chiopsezo chogwedeza;
- Kulephera kuchita nawo maulendo.
Siyense amene angagwiritse ntchito hakamora pansi pa mphamvu, pambali pake, nyamayo iyeneranso kugwirizana nayo. Koma chovuta chachikulu ndi ichi: Osagwiritsidwa ntchito, movutikira komanso mopanda chisamaliro, hakamora amatha kupweteka kwambiri ndi kupweteka kwa nyama, kuyambitsa edema ndi kutupa kwa mlatho wamphuno.
Ndikofunikira! Zotsatira zovuta kwambiri za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hakamora ndi kupasuka kwa khungu la mphuno.Zopweteka zogwiritsira ntchito hakamora zimachitika pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
- kupukuta mphuno ndi kukakwera kavalo pamene udzu umayikidwa kwambiri;
- Amapweteka kwambiri ngati chovala chili pamwamba pamphuno, kumene katsamba kakang'ono kwambiri ndi kochepera;
- Kuphulika kwa mphuno kungabwereke ngati makina a chitsulo akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo hakamora siyenerana kuti ikhale yoyenera kapena yosakonzedwa pamaso.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu yambiri ya hakamor ndipo onse ndi osiyana kwambiri.
- Bosal (bwana). Ili ndilo gawo lachikale la hakamora, lofala mumtundu wa kumadzulo. Zosiyanasiyanazi zimatanthawuza kuti mitsempha imakhala pansi pa tsaya la nyama. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwera mahatchi aang'ono, njira yoyendetsera ndi yofanana ndi yomwe yakhala ikugwedezeka.
- Sidepool (zovuta). Palibe zitsulo, ndipo impso zimagwirizanitsidwa mbali zonse ziwiri za mfuti ya nyama. Pamphuno ikhoza kukhala imodzi kapena awiri, mmalo mwa iwo akhoza kukhala waya (zovuta, zosankha, zosayenera kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito).
Sidepool nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofika mahatchi aang'ono. Kungakhalenso njira yapakati musanatengere ku khola lachitsulo. Pogwiritsira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, chiopsezo choyambitsa chinyama kapena kuvulaza ngati wokwerayo akulephera kulowera kapena kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe kake kakucheperachepera. Mukamavala pambali, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mphetezo zili pamakona, ndipo lamba pamphepete mwa mphuno sikukwawa kwambiri. - Mechanical hakamora (Chingerezi hackamore, brockamore). Ndilo la gulu la hakamora okha, chifukwa chakuti kulamulira kumachitika ndi kukakamiza pamphuno, osati pamlomo. Koma mu mawonekedwe awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo zazitsulo.
- Bridle Cook. Mu chipangizo ichi, kupanikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamphuno, nsagwada kumunsi ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu; palibe zitsulo zomwe zimapangidwira. Makhalidwe amatha kugwedeza mutu wa chinyama, kutembenuka kumapangidwira chifukwa cha kupanikizika, osati kuthamanga. Koma ena a mahatchi amazindikira kuti mtundu uwu wa mkanda wosalimba ndi wankhanza kwambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kavalo amadziwa kuti akupita patsogolo, amatha kuthamanga, akugwedeza mutu wake pofuna kutaya zidazo.
Sidepool nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofika mahatchi aang'ono. Kungakhalenso njira yapakati musanatengere ku khola lachitsulo. Pogwiritsira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, chiopsezo choyambitsa chinyama kapena kuvulaza ngati wokwerayo akulephera kulowera kapena kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe kake kakucheperachepera. Mukamavala pambali, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mphetezo zili pamakona, ndipo lamba pamphepete mwa mphuno sikukwawa kwambiri.Dzidziwike ndi zomwe zimachitika pakubereka mahatchi kunyumba.
- chovala chophweka chachikopa;
- chingwe cha nylon (chimodzi kapena zingapo);
- waya kapena zitsulo (zowawa kwambiri ndi zovuta);
- chikopa cha chikopa, chithovu chofewa ndi ubweya (ubwino wosankha).
Ndikofunikira! Ndikofunika kuyesa nthawi zonse mphuno za nyama ndikupewa maonekedwe. Choyamba, pamakhala ululu waukulu pamene umakhudzana ndi nsalu. Chachiwiri, pamene chilondachi chichiza ndipo chimapanga chilonda, khungu m'malo muno sichidzakhala losazindikira, choncho zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kulamulira zinyama!Kawirikawiri, poganizira njira yotsutsa bridle kavalo wanu, muyenera kulingalira zinthu zambiri. Zaka ndi zamoyo za chikhalidwe cha nyama, khalidwe la kavalo, kulekerera kapena kusalirana kwa chitsulo m'kamwa, zochitika zanu ndi luso loyang'anira kavalo, mlingo wokhulupirira ndi kumvetsa, ndi mitundu ndi zolinga zogwirira ntchito ndi nyama - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito hakamors pa kavalo aliyense .
