Pazifukwa ziti akhoza mbande za tomato kutambasula ndipo bwanji ngati izi zikuchitika?

Kukula mbande ya phwetekere yabwino ndi ntchito yolimbikira kupanga malo abwino, chifukwa cha kuunika, kutentha kwa mpweya, nyengo yothirira ndi zina zambiri.

Nthawi zina mbande za phwetekere panyumba zimakhala zotalika komanso zochepa, ndipo ngati simukudziwa choti muchite zoterezi, mukhoza kuwononga mbewu zonse.

Malamulo osavuta a chisamaliro amakulolani kuteteza mbande kuchoka muyeso, kotero kuti amakula bwino, athanzi.

Kodi kukokera tomato kumatanthauzanji ndipo kungatitsogolere chiyani?

Kujambula phwetekere ndi mchenga ndi kupopera panthawi imodzi ya mapesi a mbande, zomwe zikuchitika mufupikitsa ngati sizikugwirizana ndi malamulo a chisamaliro. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi yomwe mbande idabzalidwa, sizowonongeka, mbande zolimba zomwe zimakula, koma mphukira zofooka, zoonda ndi zopusa zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yaitali kwambiri zomwe zimatayika bwino ndipo sizimayendetsedwa bwino.

Kuphuka kwa mbande zoterezi kumaletsedwa kwambiri, ndipo mizu yozika mizu imakhala pang'onopang'ono, siimaphuka bwino ndipo imabala zipatso zoipa.

Zifukwa

Mbande za phwetekere zimachotsedwa chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulo a chisamaliro. Zifukwa zingakhale izi:

1. Kuwala kokwanira. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe mbewuzo zimabzalidwa, zomera zimasowa masana. Kwa tomato, mbali ya kumwera imakonda. Iwo sakulimbikitsidwa kuti achotsedwe ku magetsi (mawindo). Pomwe kulibe kuwala, mbande idzakhala yopusa komanso yotayika, yotenga mwamsanga mkati mwa sabata imodzi.
2. Kusagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa kutentha. Mbande za tomato zimafunikira nyengo yozizira. Kutentha kwa masana kumakhala mkati mwa madigiri 18-25, usiku - 14-16 madigiri. Pamene kutentha ndi kotsika kwambiri kapena kotsika kwambiri, mbande zimatengedwa ndikupereka masamba ang'onoang'ono.
3. Matenda owetsera ulimi. Zipatso za phwetekere zimatulutsidwa ndi kuthirira mobwerezabwereza, motero mbande imachulukitsa mizu ndikuziteteza okha ku zowola.
4. Zokwanira kwambiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti pakhale njala, komanso kuwala ndi zakudya. Mbande zimayamba kutseka wina ndi mzake, masamba awo akuphwanya. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zimayambira pang'onopang'ono za zimayambira za mbande, zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndi zochepa, zingagwe.
5. Zakudya zowonjezera makamaka nitrogen ndi phosphorous. Mankhwala osakwanira a feteleza kapena osasankhidwa moyenera nthaka, zomwe si zoyenera kuti tomato ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zikuwonekera, zimatsogolera ku kuthamanga kwa mbande mwamsanga ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa mizu. Mukasamukira ku malo osatha, mbande zoterezi sizingathe kuphuka.
6. Kupanda potaziyamu m'nthaka. Kupanda potaziyamu kumawonetsedwa pamene mukukonzekera nthaka mosiyana ndi wamaluwa, komanso pogwiritsa ntchito dothi lakale, dothi kapena mchenga. Pachifukwa ichi, mbande imatambasula kwambiri, ndipo masamba a cotyledon ndi apamwamba.
7. Kuthetsa nthawi yobzala mbande. Zimayambira pofesa mbewu mofulumira kapena nyengo yosasangalatsa, pamene mbewu sizingabzalidwe pamalo otseguka pa nthawi yovomerezeka. M'tsogolomu, mbande zotere sizikhoza kufalikira ndi kufa.
8. Mbewu zozama kwambiri. Zimayambitsa mfundo yakuti mbande zimakhala zotalika kwambiri kufika pansi ndikupitirizabe kukula.

Kodi mungamere bwanji mbande kunyumba kuti asatambasule?

Kuti mbande zisatambasulidwe, zimalimbikitsa kutsatira malamulo ena:

1. Kufesa mbewu moyenera pa nthawi yomwe imatchulidwa pazomwe zimaperekedwa pa mbeu (kumapeto kwa February kapena kumayambiriro kwa March). Pansi pa nyengo yovuta, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoyambirira yomwe idzakhala nayo nthawi yopitilira nyengo yawo yokula.
2. Musachedwe ndi kuziika mbande ku malo osatha.
3. Gwiritsani ntchito kubzala mbewu zapamwamba popanda kutha.
4. Taganizirani nthawi ya masana kuti malo a mbande ayende.
5. Gwiritsani ntchito gawo loyenera la tomato, lomwe liyenera kukhala lotayirira, lopatsa thanzi komanso lokwanira.
6. Ikani mchere feteleza mu ufulu dilution. Ngati fetereza imakonzedwa ndi dzanja, gwiritsani ntchito peat, manyowa ndi nthaka mu chiwerengero cha 3: 2: 1.
7. Kuchita madzi okwanira nthawi zonse, koma kupewa mapangidwe a nthaka. Tomato amakonda kwambiri, koma samamwetsa madzi okwanira nthawi zonse kapena kumayanika nthawi zonse. Madzi ayenera kupatulidwa ndi kutentha, osachepera madigiri 30. Kuthirira kwa mbande kumachitika nthawi imodzi mu masiku 3-4 (masamba akamayamba kugwa pa mbande).
8. Ganizirani mtundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana (oyambirira, pakatikati pa nyengo kapena mochedwa).
9. Sagwiritsa ntchito malo oti abzala, momwe nightshade (eggplant, mbatata, tomato) akhala akukula kwa zaka zitatu zapitazo.
10. Musanafese, mbewu zimadonthozedwa tsiku limodzi lopanda mphamvu ya potaziyamu permanganate (1: 5000). Powonongeka ndi madzi, potaziyamu permanganate imapatsa potaziyamu, zomwe ndi zofunika kuti mbande zikhale zochepa.
11. Mbewu imafesedwa mozama osachepera 1.5 centimita.
12. Pambuyo pofesa, mbewuzo zimaphimbidwa ndi zojambulazo. Chilengedwe chofunda chimapangitsa kukula kwa mbande (kutentha madigiri 22-25).
13. Onetsetsani kuti muchotse filimuyo pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa mphukira - ndiye mizu yawo iyamba kukula. Ngati izi sizinayende, mbande zidzakula pang'onopang'ono, mwachikondi komanso ndi mizu yochepa.
14. Popeza mbande zimatengedwa kumalo otentha kwambiri, siziyenera kusungidwa pamwamba, kumene kutentha kwa mpweya kuli kwakukulu. Pakukula kwa mizu, ndi bwino kuchepetsa makapu kapena makapu pansi.
15. Pambuyo pofika masamba awiri enieni a mmera, imatuluka, zitsulozo zimadzaza ndi gawo la michere, mizu ya mbewu imakhala yofupikitsidwa ndikuikidwa m'manda ndi 1.5-2 masentimita. Kwa nthawi yachitatu, tomato amathamanga patapita masabata atatu, kuwadzaza ndi dziko lapansi mpaka masamba oyambirira.

    Kusankha mobwerezabwereza kumathandiza kuti chitukuko cha mizu chikhalepo ndipo chimalepheretsa kutambasula.

Nanga bwanji ngati mapepala amakhala ofooka ndiatali?

Kuunikira kwina

Ndi kusowa kwaunikira, mbande zimapangidwa pa glazi khonde. kumbali yakumwera (kuloledwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa, kumadzulo kumadzulo) kapena kuika nyali. Ma nyali otulutsa kuwala amayikidwa pamtunda wa masentimita 5-6 kuchokera pamapepala apamwamba a mbande.

Kutentha kumasintha

Kuchepetsa kutentha kwa madigiri 15-16 kumayimitsa kukula kwa mbande ndipo ndiyeso yothandiza kuthandizira mbande, chifukwa imafuna kutentha kwa nthawi yoyamba. Pakusankha, amakhala otentha, kenako amachepetsa madigiri 15.

Kuzama

Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, zomera zimalowetsedwa m'magawo osiyana, zimayambira pansi mpaka masentimita 3-4, kapena kukulitsa mbeu mmalo osokoneza (pamwamba pake pakhale mbali). Ngati mbande imatambasulidwa m'makina, ndiye kuti nthaka yadzaza mmalo mwake kuti nthaka isayambe kufika pa masentimita 2-3 cm.

Kusamba madzi

Imwani nyemba nthawi zonse: poyamba kamodzi pa sabata, kamodzi kamodzi masiku atatu. Gwiritsani madzi ofunda. Kuthirira madzi ozizira kumabweretsa kuvunda kwa mizu. Ngati dothi limanyowa, ndipo masamba a mbande ndiulesi komanso akumwa, mbewu siziyenera kuthiriridwa - ziyenera kusunthidwa ku malo otetezedwa ndi dzuwa mpaka dothi liume. Pambuyo pake, kuthirira kumachitika mwachizolowezi.

Kudyetsa

Kwa mbatata yotambasula musagwiritse ntchito nayitrogeni feteleza, zomwe zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo zimayambira. Potaziyamu ndi phosphate feteleza, phulusa (magalamu 20 pa 200 ml ya madzi) ndilofunika. Ngati, pamodzi ndi kutambasula, mbande zimakhala zotumbululuka, ndiye kuti urea amawonjezeredwa ku feteleza pa mlingo wa magalamu 20 pa 10 malita ndipo mbande zimachotsedwa kwa sabata pamalo ozizira (madigiri 10 Celsius).

Kukula kwa mmera kudzachedwa, ndipo masambawo adzatembenuka mobiriwira. Asanayambe kuuluka, mbande ziyenera kutsitsidwa ndi njira yothetsera seramu ndi ayodini. (Madontho 5 a ayodini, 200 ml ya seramu, madzi okwanira 1 litre).

Kuchulukitsa Olamulira Olamulira

Olamulira oyendetsa zomera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ("Heteroauxin", "Zircon", "Biosil", "Emistim", "Reggae") panthawi yomwe masamba awiri enieni amaonekera ndipo patapita masabata awiri, kuwonjezera feteleza ku mizu osati kugwera masamba.

Kuchotsedwa kwa masamba a cotyledon

Masamba a Cotyledon ndiwo masamba oyambirira a mbande omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe oundana. Kuphimba kwawo kumathandiza kuti zitsamba zikule komanso zimalimbitsa zimayambira. Ndi bwino kuchotsa masamba a cotyledon ndi lumo kuti asasokoneze zimayambira. Mutha kuwatsanso: pepala lachiwiri sabata pambuyo pa yoyamba. Njirayi ndi yoyenera kwa mbande zoyambirira.

Kusinthanitsa

Kusinthanitsa kumadula nsonga za mbatata ndi masamba 5-6 enieni otsala pa tsinde. Dulani nsonga ikhoza kuikidwa m'madzi kwa masiku 7-10 kuti muwone mizu, kenako mubzalidwe pansi. Dulani mbande mwamsanga mupange mphukira zatsopano podula.

Pamene kukula kwa mphukira kupitirira 5 masentimita, 2 masitepe apamwamba amatsalira pa tsinde, kuchotsa ena onse. Kudulira mbeu kumapangidwa mosapitirira masabata atatu musanabzala mbewu kumalo osatha.

Kulephera kutsatira malamulo a chisamaliro kumabweretsa kupatulira mofulumira ndi kutalika kwa phwetekere mbande. Pali njira zambiri zothandizira kuti izi zitheke, kupatsidwa zizindikiro za zomera zokha komanso ulimi wa agrotechnical. Ngati kukoka kwachitika, alimi amakhala ndi mwayi wonse wopulumutsa mbewuzo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophweka komanso zotsika mtengo.