Kulima nkhaka kumaphatikizapo kupereka masamba a chikhalidwe cha kutentha, kuwala ndi chinyezi. Koma zimakhala zokhumudwitsa bwanji pamene palibe zokolola. Pali maluwa ambiri pa namsongole, koma amakhala opanda kanthu. Ndipo zimachitika chifukwa cha zokolola zambewu zosauka ndi zolakwika mu teknoloji yaulimi. Tiyeni tiyesetse kupeza zomwe tingachite ngati pali maluwa ambiri opanda kanthu pa nkhaka, ndipo tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane zifukwa za maonekedwe awo.
Mukudziwa? Nkhaka pa 95 % ali ndi madzi. Zotsala 5% ndi mavitamini B2, B6, C, PP, komanso magnesium, phosphorous, iron, silicon, potaziyamu ndi calcium. Chifukwa cha madzi, omwe panthawi ya kukula kwa zomera amapanga fyuluta yapaderadera, masamba amatsogolera mndandanda wa zakudya zamagetsi.
Chifukwa chiyani nkhaka yosabereka maluwa, kapena zolakwika zazikulu wamaluwa
Zomwe zili maluwa opanda kanthu, mosakayikira, mlimi aliyense amadziwa, kuyambira chaka chilichonse amawululidwa pa makama a nkhaka ndipo amavomerezedwa kukolola. Koma chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo, zomwe zidzakambidwe pambuyo pake, zimachitika kuti chitukuko cha maluwa a nkhaka aakazi sichichitika kapena mochedwa kwambiri.
Cholinga chopanda maluwa
Kawirikawiri, alimi wamaluwa omwe amvapo za mavuto ndi fruiting, amaona maluwa achimuna osayenera, ndipo ataphunzira kusiyanitsa, amachotsedwa nthawi yomweyo. Ndipo pasanapite nthawi amadandaula kuti palibe mazira ophimba.
Ndipotu, kuti chitukuko chonse ndi fruiting ya nkhaka chikhale chimodzimodzi ngati maluwa ndi abambo. Kukhalapo kwawo ndikofunikira kuti umere. Ngati zimayambira pokhapokha ndi chimodzi kapena chimzake, kuyera sikudzachitika. Choncho, palibe chifukwa chokhalirapo popanda chifukwa mu nyengo ya kukula kwa mbeu.
Mukudziwa? Nkhaka, zomwe malo obadwira ali India, zakhalapo kwa pafupi zaka 6,000.
Pamene mukufunika kulira alamu
Kuchokera pa maphunziro a sukulu a botani, timakumbukira kuti nkhaka ndi maluwa aakazi amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa maselo a mfumukazi. Ngati mukuwoneka bwino, ndiye kuti pakati pa phokoso lachikasu mumatha kupitiriza kukula kwa duwa ngati mtundu wobiriwira, womwe umafanana ndi nkhaka yaying'ono.
Apa ndi pamene mapangidwe a ovary. Kuwombera kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo timene timanyamula mungu kuchokera ku masamba a mbuzi, ngakhale kuti posachedwa obereketsa apanga mitundu yambiri ya pollinating.
Ganizirani momwe mungasiyanitse nkhaka zosabereka. Kutaya maluwa - mwamuna maluwa, popanda amene ovary wa nkhaka zipatso n'zosatheka. Amatsimikiziridwa ndi kusowa kwa amayi omwe akumwa mowa komanso kukhalapo kwa anthers. Amatchedwa maluwa opanda pake. Ngati pamaluwa maluwawo akuwonekera, ndipo maluwawo salipo, tengani mwamsanga, mwinamwake munda wanu udzakhala wosabereka.
Pali njira zambiri zothetsera vutoli, koma kuti mudziwe kuti ndi liti lomwe liri loyenerera pa vuto linalake, choyamba muyenera kudziwa chifukwa chake.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwoneka kwa maluwa aakazi mu mitundu yosiyana ya nkhaka kumapangitsa kutentha kwa mbewu zatsopano pa betri kapena mu thermostat.
Zifukwa za
Mwinamwake chifukwa cha nkhaka yopanda mphamvu ndi mbewu. Zidziwika zimenezo Mbewu iyenera kufesedwa kwa zaka 2-3. Ndiye inflorescences ya mitundu ya akazi ndi yamwamuna imawonekera imodzimodzi ndi pafupifupi zofanana. Koma ngati simunamvere malangizowa ndikuyamba kumera, musafunse chifukwa chake nkhaka zanu zili ndi maluwa opanda kanthu.
Pamene zonse ziri bwino ndi mbewu, koma palibe zokolola, yang'anani zolakwitsa zomwe munapanga posamalira zomera. Taganizirani zofala kwambiri.
Zomera thickening
Vutoli ndilofala kwambiri pakulima ndiwo zamasamba m'madera omwe mulibe malo okwanira ku mbewu zonse zokonzedweratu. Chotsatira chake, kuti asunge malo, wolima minda amapanga kwambiri mbewu.
Atafunsidwa chifukwa chake maluŵa opanda kanthu amapezeka pa nkhaka, Wophunzira wa sayansi ya zaulimi, pulofesa wothandizira a dipatimenti ya kubzala mbewu ndi mbewu ku Dnepropetrovsk Agrarian University, Elena Lazareva, mwazifukwa zingapo, akutsutsana ndi mtunda wa pakati pa mizere ndi zomera mwa iwo.
Onaninso mitundu yodabwitsa ya nkhaka: tladiant, melotriya, nkhaka-mandimu.
Malingana ndi iye, Ndondomeko yoyendetsa nthaka ikuyenera kutsatira izi:
- Mtunda pakati pa mizere - 70 cm;
- Mtunda pakati pa zomera - 20-25 masentimita.
Kunyalanyaza zofunikirazi kumabweretsa mphukira zazikulu zomwe sungathe kukula bwino. Maluwa omwe amawonekera pafupipafupi amatha kufota ndi kugwa popanda ovary, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti palibe mtundu wa mtundu wa maluwa.
Mukudziwa? Anthu omwe amadya nkhaka zatsopano nthawi zonse, amachititsa kuti chithokomiro chikhale choyera komanso kuyeretsa mitsempha ya magazi kuchokera ku kolesterolini.
Kusamba madzi
Zikuwoneka kuti zomera zokonda zinyontho nthawi zonse zimalandira mlingo woyenera wa madzi, zofunikira zina zimakwaniritsidwanso pa nthawi, zonse zomwe zimachitika fruiting zimalengedwa. Koma maluwa ambiri opanda kanthu pa nkhaka ndi chizindikiro chakuti mukuchita chinachake cholakwika.
Nthawi ndi ulimi wothirira, zolakwitsa zonse zimachepetsedwa mpaka kutentha kwa madzi otsanulira pansi pa mbewu za masamba. Choyenera, chiyenera kutenthetsa (kuyambira 22 mpaka 25 ºС). Malangizowa ndi ofunikira makamaka panthawi yopanga mphukira. Madzi a ulimi wothirira ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa m'mitsuko yayikulu kuti athetse ndi kutentha.
Koma ngati mumatsatiranso vutoli, ndiye kuti nkhaka ikufalikira ndi maluwa osabvunda ndi zomwe mukuchita molakwika nthawi ino, wamaluwa amadziwa. Malinga ndi iwo, kuthirira nkhaka nthawi zonse sikungathandize. Iyenera kuchitidwa moyenera komanso mochuluka kokha maluwa asanafike komanso nthawi ya fruiting. Pamene mipesa imayamba kuphulika, siyiyezikidwa konse. Izi zimachitidwa kuti apange chikhalidwe choopsa kwambiri.
Malinga ndi malamulo a chirengedwe, akudzipeza yekha m'mikhalidwe yotere, nkhaka imataya mphamvu zawo zonse kuti asiye ana. Chifukwa chake, masamba ndi amphongo amawonekera pamwamba. Nthaka ikayamba kuuma, ndipo masamba amawongolera pang'ono, muyenera kuyambiranso kuthirira, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Ndikofunikira! Pamene kutentha kunja sikukwera 16 °Ndi, madzi nkhaka safunikira, mwinamwake zomera sizidzakhala zopanda phindu.
Kupanda kuunikira
Kulongosola kwa chifukwa chopanda kanthu nkhaka kukula mu wowonjezera kutentha ndizo chikhalidwe sichipeza kuwala kokwanira. Pali milandu pamalo otseguka, pamene mpanda umagwedezeka ndi aatali oyandikana naye. Inde, kukhalapo kwawo n'kofunika, chifukwa nkhaka sizikonda kukwera ndi kuzizira.
Amasowa chonyowa chaching'ono chamadzimadzi mu malo osangalatsa. Choncho, pakukonzekera kubzala m'munda, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti zomera zina sizipanga mthunzi wa nkhaka zokonda kuwala. Mbewu, katsabola ndi mbewu zina ziyenera kuikidwa kumpoto. 
Mmene mungagwirire ndi nkhaka zopanda kanthu: malangizo kwa anthu okhala m'chilimwe
Mukawona maluwa opanda kanthu pa nkhaka, musathamangire kuti muwachotse. Choyamba, iwo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yawo pollination. Ndipo kachiwiri, pambuyo pa umuna wa maluwa aakazi, anyamatawo adzafota ndi kugwa.
Nthawi zina ovary sakhazikitsidwa, akatswiri amalangiza kuti amvetsere feteleza, kutentha, kubzala malo ndi mitundu ya mbewu. Ndipo tsopano, kuti tidziwe, timvetsetsa chifukwa chake nkhaka imatha pachimake ndi maluwa opanda kanthu ndi zomwe mungachite m'mikhalidwe yotereyi.
Agronomists amakhulupirira kuti maluwa osabereka ndi chifukwa cha malo olakwika kubzala nkhaka. Bedi lokonzekera siliyenera kukhala pamalo okwera kumene kuli kotentha ndi kouma, kapena kumadera otsika kumene mpweya wozizira umasonkhanitsidwa. Monga tanena kale, palibe chomwe chiyenera kusokoneza chikhalidwe.
Ndikofunikira! Nkhuka zidzakula bwino ndikusungidwa ngati mutambasula tini pamapangidwe mumunda ndikupanga trellis. Chomeracho chidzasungunuka, pamene chimaperekedwa ndi kutulutsa zimayambira ndi masamba, kupeza kuwala ndi njuchi. Kuphatikiza apo, maluwa sichidetsedwa zokolola zidzakhala zosavuta kukolola.Mbali yotsatira yofunika kwa fruiting ndi kuvala mopanda malire zomera. Zomwe mungachite ngati chifukwa cha maluwa osabereka amapezeka mwachindunji, "anatero Elena Lazareva, Wophunzira wa Scientific Sciences.
Malinga ndi iye, nayitrogeni yochuluka imachititsa kuti mafuta asameke, masamba, maluwa, maluwa amakula, ndipo palibe zipatso. Choncho, musadwale feteleza, chifukwa nkhaka sifunika kuwonjezera zowonjezera zokongoletsera, mukufuna kusonkhanitsa mowolowa manja komanso mu ndowa, matumba, mipiringidzo, m'nyengo yozizira pawindo.
Mpweya wa diva ukhoza kuperekedwa kwa chomeracho pochiphatika ndi mullein. Pofuna kuti asamapangidwe maluwa osakaniza pa nkhaka, ndibwino kuti abweretse mullein kapena nkhuku manyowa musanayambe maluwa, komanso panthawi ya fruiting - potaziyamu sulphate, superphosphate, mullein ndi phulusa.
Pa zana limodzi la ovary pa liana zonse, Elena Lazareva amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yowonjezera: "Duchess", "Nightingale", "Swallow", "Phoenix plus", "Crane". Iwo amapanga mbewu mpaka 700% pa hekita, kupereka zipatso zabwino ndi minga yamdima. Kuonjezerapo, zakunja zili ndi jini la kukana peronosporoza.
Mukudziwa? M'chiSanskrit, dzina la nkhaka ndi lamodzi ndi dzina la kalonga wa Indian, amene ana ake, malinga ndi nthano, ali ndi ana zikwi 60.
Poonjezera zokololazo, pulofesa wothandizira amalimbikitsa kubzala umbellas kuti apange pollination pafupi ndi nkhaka. Makamaka, tikukamba za katsabola, coriander ndi parsley.
Kawirikawiri, alimi akudandaula kuti nkhaka zopanda kanthu zimakula m'mabotchi odyera bwino, ndipo malinga ndi agronomists, chifukwa chake izi zimachitika kutentha. Malinga ndi akatswiri, phulusa la mwamuna limaphukira pa kutentha pamwamba pa 26 ºї limakhala wosabala.
Choncho, ndikofunikira kuyendetsa njirazi. Pofuna kusunga zomera m'munda kuchokera ku kutentha, m'minda ina, pofesa, iwo anabzala mbewu ndi chimanga, ndikusinthanitsa ndi nkhaka. M'madera ang'onoang'ono kutenthedwa kwenikweni mumadula nthaka. Pazinthu izi, udzu woyenera, kudula udzu, udzu. Chinthu chachikulu ndikusunga chinyezi.
Kakhadini njira yopulumutsira mipesa ku maluwa osabvundi ndiyo kukhetsa pamwamba pa tsinde lalikulu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale msangamsanga nthambi zazing'ono zomwe zimapangidwira. Makomukidwe oyambirira, ndondomeko ikuchitika pambuyo pa tsamba la khumi, ndi kwa ena pambuyo pake - pambuyo pachisanu ndi chitatu.
