Mphesa "Zaka 100" kale sizinatchuka ku CIS, koma zatha kale kupambana chikondi cha wamaluwa ambiri.
Talingalirani kufotokoza kwa zosiyanasiyana, kupeza zomwe akusowa kusamalira ndi zomwe adalandira kutchuka kwake.
Mbiri yobereka
Mphesa, yomwe imatchedwa "Century", imachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa - "Golide" ndi "Q25-6". Kuyesera koyamba kunayamba kuchitika mu 1966 ku California, USA. Kuyesera mitundu kunapitirira zaka khumi ndi zinayi, ndipo mu 1980 mitundu yosiyanasiyana idalowa mu mndandanda wa mitundu ya America. Mu CIS, mitunduyi inaonekera pambuyo pa 2010 ndipo idakhala yofala kwambiri.
Mukudziwa? Dzinali la mitundu ya mphesa pamayimwini oyambirira monga "Centennail Seedless". Kutanthauziridwa, kumveka ngati "zaka zopanda mbewu" ndipo zimasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya mphesa - palibe mbewu iliyonse mmenemo. Choncho, ndi kishmishi yogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoumba zakuda.Mwinamwake, chilolezo cha mitundu ya mphesa chatha, ndiye chifukwa chake mphesa zinkatengedwa ngati mphesa zoyenera kulima ndi kunyumba. Kotero, osati alimi odziwa bwino okha, komanso oyambira wamaluwa ndi eni ake amatha kuzindikira zotsatira za zaka zambiri za ntchito pa kuswana mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Malongosoledwe ndi makhalidwe osiyana
Kishimishi ndi ya mitundu yomwe imakulira mofulumira. Zaka 100 zimapereka zipatso pafupifupi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zitatha. M'chaka cha kucha, mbewu imatha kupezeka masiku 140 pambuyo pa nyengo yokula. Mbali yaikulu ya zosiyanasiyana ndi kusapezeka kwa mbeu mu chipatso, mphesa zosabereka. 
Zokolola zidzakondweretsa aliyense wamaluwa. Kulemera kwake kwa mphesa nthawi zina kumafika pa 1.5-2 makilogalamu, ndipo gulu laling'onoting'ono lidzalemera pafupifupi 700 g.Mphesa amakhala ndi shelulo lalitali ndipo zipatso sizimasokoneza kapena kuvunda, koma tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tipeze nthawi kuti tipewe kukhetsa.
Mavitaminiwo amatha kulemera kwa 10 g, ndipo pafupifupi 5-7 g, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri kwa mitundu yopanda mbewu. Maonekedwe awo ndi oblong, oval. Akakhwima, zoumba zimasintha mtundu wobiriwira kupita ku chikasu.
Mukudziwa? Zomwe zinachitikira winegrowers amanena kuti kuwonjezera pa nutmeg kukoma mu zosiyanasiyana "Zaka 100" Pali kukhudza kwa tiyi. Komabe, pali zokoma zina zomwe zimadalira nthaka yomwe mphesa zimakula.Zipatso zikhoza kudyedwa ndi khungu - ndizoonda ndipo sizimveka kulawa, ndipo thupi liri ndi yunifolomu, yokhazikika. Mutha kumvanso kuti mphesa imakhala ndi zakudya zabwino.
Kusiyana zoumba ndi kukoma. Sikuti sugayi, koma imakhala yokoma kwambiri, ngakhale kuti shuga wothira zipatso sizoposa 15% (mitundu ina imakula ndi shuga wokwanira 20% kapena kuposerapo, koma sichikufunikanso ndipo ikukula mwakuya).The acidity ya zosiyanasiyana ndi 5%, chifukwa chake masamba kukoma amadziwa mabulosi ngati wokoma kwambiri.
Onani "mitundu ya mphesa" monga "Veliant", "Krasnothop Zolotovsky", "Arochny", "Riesling", "Kukumbukira dokotala wa opaleshoni", "Gourmet", "Chokongola", "Tason", "Kukumbukira Dombkovskaya", "Julian", "Cabernet Sauvignon", "Chardonnay", "Kusintha"."Zaka 100" zikukula mofulumira, kotero ngati mulibe malo ochulukira mphesa, ndi bwino kudzala mbande - njirayi mukhoza kusunga malo.
Koma mphesa zimakula msanga cuttings, limakula nthawi zambiri mphamvu. M'chaka choyamba cha kubzala, mphukira za mphesa zikhoza kukula mpaka mamita angapo. Zomwe zinaperekedwa zoumba zamasamba zimakhalanso zotsutsana ndi chisanu - mpaka -20-25 ° C. Zipatso "Zaka 100" kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa September mpaka kuzizizira, zomwe ziri zofunikanso.
Mavuto akukula
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yopanda chisanu, ndi bwino kubzala mphesa kumadera akum'mwera. "Zaka 100" zimakula kwambiri m'mayiko omwe nyengo yachisanu imatha. Kunyumba, ayenera kupereka chiwembu momwe angathere kum'mwera kwa nyumba kapena mpanda.
Ndikofunikira! Palibe chomwe chingathe kubzala mphesa kummawa kapena kumpoto. M'nyengo yozizira, zomera zimatha kuzizira pamenepo. Malo abwino kwambiri ndi malo akum'mwera. Kumeneko, mphesa zidzawongolera bwino ndipo sizidzakhala pangozi yokhala supercooled.Ngati simunapezepo monga chonchi, ndiye kuti akulimbikitsidwa kubzala mphesa pamtunda wa pafupifupi theka la mita.
Nkofunika kuti chomeracho chikhale ndi malo okwanira, chifukwa izi zimakula mofulumira. Nkofunikanso kuti mphesa zisadetsedwe. 
Pofuna chitukuko, pamafunika kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo pakubzala zipatso ndikofunikira kuti muzisangalala ndi zokolola.
Momwe mungabzala mphesa
Inde, imodzi mwa nkhani zofunika kwambiri ndi kubzala mphesa.
Zimadalira pa izo, kaya zidzakula bwino, muzuke, motere, gawoli liyenera kuperekedwa mwakuya kuti mupereke chomeracho ndi zinthu zabwino zowonjezera, ndikudzipatsanso mwayi wokondwera pambuyo pake mukukolola bwino.
Kusankhidwa kwa mbande
Chinthu choyamba chimene timamvetsera ndi, ndithudi, mbande. Zimatengera momwe mbewu idzakulira - kaya idzakhala yolimba, kaya ikhoza kuyamba. Ogulitsa vinyo amawagwiritsira ntchito popangira khalidwe. 
Pali otchedwa olemekezeka, woyamba ndi wachiwiri kalasi, komanso ochepa.
Taganizirani za mitundu yonseyi, kotero mutha kusankha momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito pazofunikira komanso mtengo komanso osasiya mphesa.
Zizindikiro zosiyana siyana zazitsulo zazikuluzikulu ndi kukhalapo kwa mizu inayi kapena kuposerapo, ndipo makulidwe a aliyense ayenera kukhala osachepera 2 mm, ndipo dongosololi liyenera kuyang'ana yunifolomu. Kukula msinkhu kumayenera kukhala ndi masentimita 25 (osachepera), ndipo makulidwe ake ali pafupifupi 5 mm.
Mitundu yoyamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mizu inayi kapena kuposerapo, komanso mitundu yambiri, koma mbande za m'kalasi yoyamba zimakhala zosiyana chifukwa awiriwa ayenera kukhala 2 mm wakuda. Mizu iyeneranso kukhala pamtunda wofanana wina ndi mzake. 
Akuwombera mu mitunduyi ayenera kukhala oposa umodzi, ndipo imodzi iyenera kukhala yaitali 20 cm.
Gulu lachiŵiri ndilochepetsedwa m'zinthu zoyamba. Zofunika pazimenezo ndizochepa: Mizu iwiri imakula pansi, ndi mfundo zitatu za kukula kokhwima.
Mbeu zosagwirizana ndizo zomwe kukula kwake kuli kofooka kapena sikunakula ngakhale pano. Mbande zoterezo zimagula sizinakonzedwe.
Ndi bwino kuwasiya kuti awakwitse kapena kuwachotsa, popeza ali osowa, makamaka simungathe kukula chilichonse kuchokera ku pulasitiki, mumangotaya nthawi ndi mphamvu.
Ndondomeko ya nthawi ndi kukwera
Nthaŵi yabwino kwambiri yobzala mphesa ndi yophukira kapena kasupe. 
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yobzala ndi yoyenera kusankha nthaka yabwino. Zimadalira pa momwe mbeuyo idzakhazikitsire mwamphamvu, ndi zakudya zamtundu wanji zomwe adzalandira pofuna kuti mbeu ikule bwino.
Musanabzala mphesa "Zakumapeto" ndikofunikira kukonzekera nthaka. Chiyenera kukhala chinyezi chokwanira, ndipo nthaka iyenera "kukhala pansi." Izi zidzathandiza kuti mizu ikhale yabwino.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mukukonzekera kubzala mphesa kumapeto kwa nyengo, ndi bwino kukonzekera maenje mu kugwa, komanso mosiyana.Ndikofunika kuti dothi likhale ndi mpweya wamadzi, komanso limakhala ndi zakudya zomwe zimapanga zakudya zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu.
Kuzama kumene mbewu zimayenera kuikidwa kumadalira mwapang'onopang'ono kuunika kapena kulemera kwa nthaka. Momwemo, dzenje pa malo ofooka pansi adzakhala makilomita 40 mamita. masentimita, ndi kuya kwake sikudzakhala masentimita 60. Pa nthaka yolemera kwambiri dzenje limatulutsidwa ndi masentimita 70 ndi zina, ndipo dera lake lidzakhala lofanana ndi 60 × 80 masentimita. Kukhalapo kwa madzi apansi pafupi ndi chomera ndi zofunika, pamene kuli kofunikira kusankha malo omwe Masika sadzasungunuka ndi chisanu chosungunuka. Mphesa, ndithudi, amakonda madzi, koma osati mochuluka.
Ndipo nthaka imene iwe udzabzala mbeu siziyenera kukhala zouma. Iyenera kukhala yothira. Ndikofunika kuti tipewe dothi ndikumasula nthaka.
Mizu ya mphesa isanayambe iyeneranso kukonzedwa.
Poyambirira, ayenera kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kukula (ndipo ngati atagula petioles, ayenera kusiya njira yotereyi kwa maola 24), ndiye kuti mawotchi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo pokhapokha atayamba kudulidwa mwachitsulo, ndiye kuti mapeto ake akugwiritsidwa ntchito. 
Kupuma kumene mukufuna kukhazikitsa sapling ayenera kukonzedwanso. Izi zikuchitidwa motere: pansi pambali pake muyenera kukhala ndi wosanjikizana komwe kumakhala kovuta kumveka pamwamba pake, ndiye mmera umayikidwa pamenepo.
Kenako, amagona pamwamba pa nthaka yochezeka. Ngati simukudziwa kuti nthaka ili yoyenera kapena ayi, mungagwiritse ntchito humus, idzagwira ntchito yake bwinobwino.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mphesa yabzalidwa pafupi ndi nyumba, muyenera kukhala patali: pakati pa chipinda chapansi ndi chomera chiyenera kukhala mamita limodzi ndi hafu.Sungani mtunda pakati pa mbande pawokha. Kishimishi imakula bwino, kotero kubzala cuttings n'kofunikira kotero kuti mtunda pakati pawo ndi osachepera mamita atatu.
Maphunziro a Gulu
Kuti chitukuko chabwino cha "Century" chisachitike, sichidzasowa njira yokha yobzala, komanso kusamalira.
Monga mbewu ina iliyonse, chifukwa chosasamalira mbali ya mwiniwake kapena mosamala, chitsamba chikhoza kuwonongeka kapena kusabweretsa zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa, motero kufunsa makhalidwe onse abwino ndi ndemanga.
Kuthirira
Mphesa - chomera chokonda madzi, ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti nthaka siuma. Kishimishi amafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse. Ngati muli ndi mpesa wamtengo wapatali m'deralo kapena osati nthawi yochulukirapo, mukhoza kukonzekera kayendedwe ka madzi.
Madzi ayenera kuperekedwa ku mizu ya chitsamba. Ndikofunika kuti musalole madzi ochulukirapo m'nthaka, mphesa sizikonda nthaka yonyowa kwambiri. 
Njira ya ulimi wothirira - pamwamba pa nthaka, pansi pamtunda, kuyanika - mukhoza kusankha nokha. Nthawi zambiri zimadalira nyengo. Kutha ndi kasupe, kuthirira mphesa kuyenera kukhala wochuluka, komanso nthawi yomwe chitsamba chimakhala maluwa.
Feteleza
Ziribe kanthu nthaka yomwe ili ndichonde, feteleza mphesa sizidzapweteka. Ndibwino kuwonjezera kunthaka chisakanizo cha nayitrogeni, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, komanso olemera kwambiri.
Kuwonjezera zitosi za mbalame zidzathandizanso pa zoumba zoumba - feteleza iyi ili ndi zinthu zonse zofunika kwa mphesa ndipo imayesedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zabwino pa chomera ichi. Kuwonjezera manyowa kungakhale koyenera ngati dothi liri dothi.
Manyowa ndi ofunikira kupanga pachaka, chifukwa, chifukwa cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chomera, zimakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi mkhalidwe wa mphesa. 
Kudulira
Njirayi imapereka zokolola, kotero sitingathe kunyalanyaza gawo ili la kusamalira mbewu.
Popeza maso omwe ali pamunsi mwa mphukira alibe zipatso zambiri, omwa vinyo odziwa bwino amawalimbikitsa.
Mudzafunanso kuphunzira za kudulira mapeyala, maapulo, currants, yamapichesi, plums, yamatcheri, apricots, kolonovidnyh apulo.Kuti muchite izi, mufunikira secator ndi nthawi yochepa (malingana ndi kukula kwa munda, ndithudi). Chofunika kwambiri cha mankhwalawa ndi kuchotsa mphukira zazing'ono ndi kudulira omwe akhala akutha kale, 1/3 okha mwa iwo atsala.
Ndikofunikira pochita kusokoneza ndi chomera kuti musakhudze mphukira yopatsa zipatso, choncho ndibwino kuti muzitha kuwongolera momwe mungathere. 
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Mphesa za sultana "Zaka 100" zimakhala zosagonjetsedwa ndi matenda monga mildew ndi oidium, ndipo sizitengera matenda. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, mphesa nthawi zambiri safuna chithandizo cha matenda amenewa.
Chomera chovunda sichinawonedwe.
Chithandizo cha tizirombo "Century" zosowa. Amayi akuluakulu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi masamba a zaka ziwiri, omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chokwera pansi pa khungwa ndi kulera zomera kuchokera mkati, ndi phylloxera, zomwe zimawopsa kwambiri kubereka.
Dziwani zambiri za matenda owopsa a mphesa, makamaka za Alternaria.Kupopera mbewu za mphesa pokonzekera kuti izi zigwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi mothworm wazaka ziwiri, komanso motsutsana ndi phylloxera, zitsamba zosagonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo zimabzalidwa, koma musayiwale za mankhwala amachimake kapena misampha yapadera.
Kwa os "Centenary" yosangalatsa, monga lamulo, palibe chidwi. 
Zima
Mbewu za mphesa "Zaka 100" zimagonjetsedwa ndi kuzizira. Amatha kupirira kutentha mpaka -25 ° C. Masamba omwe ali ndi zipatso akhoza kumangoyenda ku chisanu. Mukhoza kulingalira za mphamvu zawo komanso zaka za mbeu.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutangokhalira kubzala zoumba, ndiye kuti muyenera kuziphimba m'nyengo yozizira. Njira yabwino ndiyo kubisala chomera ku chisanu choyamba zaka 3-4 za moyo. Dera laderalo lidzagwira ntchito yaikulu pano.
Choncho, ngati nyengo m'deralo ndi yotentha komanso yopanda chisanu - simungadandaule za mphesa, idzapambana bwino ndi kuzizira, ngati zikukula kummwera, popeza kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kungayambitse zitsamba.
Dothi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha zoumba (zitsamba zili ndi masentimita 20), ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito moss, masamba ndi utuchi ndizoyenera. 
Mphamvu ndi zofooka
Musanabzala mphesa pa chiwembu chanu, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mudzidziwe nokha ndi zofunikira zowusamalira, komanso ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake zomwe tidzakambirana mosiyana.
Choncho, ziyeneretso za Risenishi ya Centennial zikuphatikizapo:
- mphesa nthawi zonse amabweretsa zokolola zambiri;
- Zimagonjetsedwa ndi matenda, makamaka - mildew ndi oidium, chifukwa sichifuna mankhwalawa;
- Zomerazi zimatha kukula pamtundu uliwonse wa nthaka, ngati chithandizo chokwanira chimaperekedwa kwa feteleza;
- palibe malo ovunda ndi chomera chomera;
- zosiyanasiyana zimagonjetsedwa ndi kuzizira;
- Mphesa iyi ndi imodzi mwa zotsika kwambiri, ndiko kuti, paulendo, zipatso sizimasokoneza ndi kusunga maonekedwe okongola;
- Kukhalapo kwa mvula ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa sikuwonetsedwa pa zipatso - sizimasokoneza;
- Zoumba zamasamba ndizomwe zimapanga zoumba zoumba kwambiri;
- Zipatso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zipatso saladi, komanso muesli.
Mavuto a mphesa si ochuluka. Mofananamo, ndi imodzi yokha ndipo ikugwirizana ndi maonekedwe.Ndipo chinthuchi ndikuti dzuwa limalowerera pamasambawo kenako limakhala labalalika laling'ono pa mabala.
Ndi bwino kuchotsa zipatso zoterozo, kotero pali kufunika kochepa kukolola.
Kishmishi "Zakumapeto" sizinayambe kuchitika m'dera la CIS, koma kufotokozera za mitunduyi ndi zizindikiro zake zonse zimatipangitsa kumvetsetsa kuti sizowonjezera kuti adakondana ndi alimi.
Zinyama sizikufuna kudzipangira yekha, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo zimakhala ndi kukoma kokoma komanso ndi chisamaliro choyenera zidzasangalatsa eni ake ndi masango olemera.
